It is possible to expand our repertoire of modeling transformations in a way parallel to our development of 2-D transformations. (We can add Similitudes, Affines, and Projective groups of operators). However, most of these are either not that useful in everyday practice, or they are commonly reduced to one or two special cases, which generalize via a series of more typical operations.

Among those transforms remaining, scales and shears are the most common:

We can generate any 3-D affine transformation using a combination of a rotation, a scale, a shear, and a translation.