8. References

[Bleich72]

Bleich, H. L., Computer-Based Consultation: Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders, American Journal of Medicine 53:285(1972).

[Bobrow76]

Bobrow, D. G, and Winograd, T., An Overview of KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, Technical Report AIM.293 (1976).

[Brachman78]

Brachman, R. J, Theoretical Studies in Natural Language Understanding, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman Inc., Technical Report 3888(1978).

[Buchanan7l]

Buchanan, B. C., and Lederberg, J., The Heuristic DENDRAL Program for Explaining Empirical Data, Proceedings of the IFIP Congress 1971, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (1971). Also Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, Technical Report AIM-141 (1971).

[Church80]

Church, K. W., On Memory Limitations in Natural Language Processing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-245 (1980).

[Cohen66]

Cohen, J. J., and Schwartz, W. B., Evaluation of Acid-Base Equilibrium in Pulmonary Insufficiency, The American Journal of Medicine 41:2, 163-167 (1966).

[Cohen77]

Cohen, J.. J., New Concepts of Acid-Base Balance, in A. B. Schwartz and H. Lyons, ed. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance Groune & Stratton, New York (1977).

[Davis76]

Davis, R., Applications of Mets Level Knowledge to the Construction, Maintenance and Use of Large Knowledge Bases, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Technical Memo 283 (1976).

[Davis77]

Davis, R., Buchanan B., and Shortliffe, E., Production Rules as a Representation for a Knowledge-Based Consultation Program, Artificial Intelligence 8:15-45(1977).

[deKleer79]

deKleer, J., Causal and Teleological Reasoning in Circuit Recognition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Technical Report MIT/AI/TR-529 (1979).

[Doyle78]

Doyle, J., A Glimpse of Truth Maintenance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Technical Memo MIT/AI/TM-461a (1978).

[Doyle80]

Doyle, J., A Model for Deliberation, Action, and Introspection, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Technical Report MIT/Al/TR-581 (1980).

[Duda76]

Duda, R. 0., Hart, P. E., and Nilsson, N. J., Subjective Bayesean methods for rule-based inference systems, Proceedings of the 1976 National Computer Conference, AFIPS Press (1978).

[Elstein78]

Elstein, A. S., Shulman, L.A., and Sprafka S. A., Medical Problem Solving, Harvard University Press (1978).

[Feinstein77]

Feinstein, A. R., Clinical Biostatistics XXXIX. The haze of Bayes, the aerial palaces of decision analysis, and the computerized Ouija board, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21:4:482-496 (1977).

[Fikes72]

Fikes, R. E., Hart, P. E, Nilsson, N. J., Learning and Executing Generalized Robot Plans, Artificial Intelligence 3:251-288(1972).

[Forrester61]

Forrester, J. W., Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press, Cambridge (1961).

[Gaines76]

Gaines, B. R., Foundations of fuzzy reasoning, Int. J. Man-Machine Studies 8:623-668(1976).

[Goldberg73]

Goldberg, M., Green S, Moss, M. L., Marbach, C. B., and Garfinkel, D, Computer-based Instruction and Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disorders, JAMA 223:3:269-275(1973).

[Gorry67]

Gorry, G. A, A System for Computer-Aided Diagnosis, Project MAC, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report MIT/MAC/TR-44 (1967).

[Gorry68]

Gorry, G. A., and Barnett, G. O., Sequential Diagnosis by Computer, JAMA 205:12:141-146(1968).

[Gorry73]

Gorry, C. A., Kassirer, J. P., Essig, A., and Schwartz, W. B., Decision Analysis as the Basis for Computer-Aided Management of Acute Renal Failure, The American Journal of Medicine 55:473-484 (1973).

[Gorry78]

Gorry, C. A., Silverman, H., and Pauker, S. G., Capturing Clinical Expertise: A Computer Program that Considers Clinical Responses to Digitalis, American Journal of Medicine 64:452-460, (1978).

[Gorry78a]

Gorry, G. A., Pauker, S. G., and Schwartz, W. B., The Diagnostic Significance of the Normal Finding, N Engl J Med 298:486(1978).

[Hawkinson75]

Hawkinson, L. B., The Representation of Concepts in OWL, Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (1975).

[Hawkinson80]

Hawkinson, L. B., XLMS: A Linguistic Memory System, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Memo MIT/LCS/TM-173 (1980).

[Kahneman73]

Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A., On the Psychology of Prediction, Psychol. Rev. 80:237-251, (1973).

[Kassirer78]

Kassirer, J. P., and Gorry, G. A., Clinical Problem Solving: A Behavioral Analysis, Ann. Int. Med. 89:245, (1978).

[Kuipers78]

Kuipers, B. J., Representing Knowledge of Large-Scale Space, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Technical Report MIT/AI/TR-418 (1978).

[Kulikowski81]

Kulikowski, C. A., and Weiss, S. M., Representation of Expert Knowledge for Consultation: The Casnet and Expert Projects, in P. Szolovits, ed., Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview Press, forthcoming (1981).

[Lynch60]

Lynch, K., The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1960).

[Long77]

Long, W. J. A Program Writer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-187 (1977).

[Long81]

Long, W. J., and Szolovits, P., The Development of Clinical Expertise in the Computer, in P. Szolovits, ed., Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview Press, forthcoming (1981).

[Marcus79]

Marcus, M., A Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language, Ph.D Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979).

[Martin77]

Martin, W. A., Descriptions and the Specialization of Concepts, Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, M.I.T., Cambridge, Ma., August 1977. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie-Mellon University, 1977. Also available as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Memo MIT/LCS/TM-101, Cambridge, Ma., (1977).

[Martin79]

Martin, W. A., Roles, Co-Descriptors and the Formal Representation of Quantified English Expressions, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Memo, MIT/LCS/TM-139.

[Martin81]

Martin, W. A., Church, K. W., and Patil, R. S., Preliminary Analysis of a Breadth-First Parsing Algorithm, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Report, M.l.T./LCS/TR-261, Cambridge, Ma., (1981).

[Miiier75]

Miller, P. B., Strategy Selection in Medical Diagnosis, Project MAC, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-153 (1975).

[Minsky75]

Minsky, M. A Framework for Representing Knowledge, in P. H. Winston, ed., The Psychology of Computer Vision, McGraw-Hill, New York (1975).

[Moon74]

Moon D., A., MACLISP Reference Manual, Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (1974).

[Newell72]

Newell, A., and Simon, H. A., Human Problem Solving, Prentice Hall (1972).

[Newell73]

Newell, A., Artificial Intelligence and the Concept of Mind, in Schank, R. C., and Colby, K. M, eds., Computer Models of Thought and Language, W. H. Freeman and Co. (1973).

[Newell76]

Newell, A., and Simon, H. A., The Logic Theory Machine: A Complex Information Processing System, IBM Trans. on Information Theory, 2(3):61-79, (1976).

[Patil79]

Patil, R. S., Design of a Program for Expert Diagnosis of Acid Base and Electrolyte Disturbances, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science TM-132 (1979).

[Pati 181]

Patil, R. S., Szolovits, P., and Schwartz, W. B., Causal Understanding of Patient Illness in Medical Diagnosis, Proceedings of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, available from American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 445 Burgess Drive, Menlo Park, Ca 94025(1981).

[Pauker75]

Pauker, S. G., and Kassirer, J. P., Therapeutic Decision Making: A Cost-Benefit Analysis, N Engl J Med 293:229-234 (1975).

[Pauker76]

Pauker, S. G., Gorry, G. A., Kassirer, J. P., and Schwartz, W. B., Toward the Simulation of Clinical Cognition: Taking a Present Illness by Computer, The American Journal of Medicine 60:981-995(1976).

[Pauker77]

Pauker, S. G., and Szolovits, P., Analyzing and Simulating Taking the History of the Present Illness: Context Formation, in Schneider/Sagvall Hein, eds., Computational Linguistics in Medicine, North-Holland (1977).

[Pednault81]

Pednault, E. P. D., Zucker, S. W, and Muresan, L. V., On the Independence Assumption Underlying Subjective Bayesian Updating, Artificial Intelligence, 16:213-222 (1981).

[Perlman74]

Perlman, F., McCue, J. D., and Friedland, G., Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) / Vaginitis Protocol, Introduction, Ambulatory Care Project, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School (1974).

[Pople75]

Pople, H. E., jr, Artificial-Intelligence Approaches to Computer-Based Medical Consultation, IEEE Intercon Conference (1975).

[Pople75a]

Pople, H. E., Jr., Myers, J. D., and Miller, R. A., DIALOG: A Model of Diagnostic Logic for Internal Medicine, Advance Papers of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, available from the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1975).

[Pople76]

Pople, H. E., Jr., Presentation of the INTERNIST System, Proceedings of the A.I.M. Workshop, Rutgers Research Resource on Computers in Biomedicine, Rutgers University (1976).

[Pople77]

Pople, H. E., Jr., The Formation of Composite Hypotheses in Diagnostic Problem Solving: an Exercise in Synthetic Reasoning, Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, available from the Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (1977).

[Pople81]

Pople, H. E., Heuristic Methods for Imposing Structure on Ill Structured Problems: The Structuring of Medical Diagnostics, in P. Szolovits, ed., Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview Press, Forthcoming (1981).

[Raiffa70]

Raiffa, H., Decision analysis. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts (1970).

[Richards77]

Richards, B., and Goh, A. E. S., Computer Assistance in the Treatment of Patients with Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disturbances, MEDINFO 77 IFIP, North-Holland Publishing Company (1977).

[Rieger77]

Rieger, C., and Grinberg, M., The Declarative Representation and Procedural Simulation of Causality in Physical Mechanisms, Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, available from Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213(1977).

[Rubin75]

Rubin, A. O., Hypothesis Formation and Evaluation in Medical Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report MIT/AI/TR-316 (1975).

[Sacerdoti75]

Sacerdoti, E. D., A Structure for Plans and Behavior, North Holland/American Elsevier, New York (1977).

[Safran76]

Safran C. et al., Diagnostic planning and cancer management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-169 (1976).

[Schwartz65]

Schwartz, W. B., Brackett, N. C., Jr. and Cohen, J. J., The response of extracellular hydrogen ion concentration to graded degrees of chronic hypercapnia: The physiologic limits of the defense of pH, J. Clin. Invest., 44:291 (1965).

[Schwartz70]

Schwartz, W. B., Medicine and the Computer: The Promise and Problems of Change, N Engl J Med, 283:1257-1264(1970).

[Schwartz73]

Schwartz, W. B., Gorry, G. A., Kassirer, J. P, and Essig, A., Decision Analysis and Clinical Judgment, The American Journal of Medicine, 55:459-472(1973).

[Shafer76]

Shafer, G., A Mathematical Theory of Evidence, Princeton University Press (1976).

[Shortliffe75]

Shortliffe, E. H., and Buchanan, B. G., A Model of inexact reasoning in medicine, Mathematical Biosciences 23:351-379 (1975).

[Shortliffe76]

Shortliffe, E. H., Computer Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN, Elsevier North Holland Inc. (1976).

[Shortliffe79]

Shortliffe, E. H., Knowledge Engineering for Medical Decision Making: A Review of Computer-Based Clinical Decision Aids, Proceeding of the IEEE, forthcoming (1979).

[Silverman75]

Silverman, H., A Digitalis Therapy Advisor, Project MAC, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Report MIT/MAC/TR-143 (1975).

[Smith99]

Smith, B. C., A Proposal for a Computational Model of Anatomical and Physiological Reasoning, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Technical Memo MIT/Al/TM-493 (1978).

[Stedmans]

Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 20th ed, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins (1961).

[Stefik81]

Stefik, M., Planning with Constraints (MOLGEN: Part 1), Artificial Intelligence, 16:111-140(1981).

[Stefik81]

Stefik, M., Planning and Meta-Planning (MOLGEN: Part 2), Artificial Intelligence, 16:141-170 (1981).

[Sussman72]

Sussman, G. J., and McDermott, 0. V., From PLANNER to CONNIVER—A Genetic Approach, Proceedings of the 1976 Fall Joint Computer Conference, pp. 1171-1179, AFIPS Press (1976).

[Sussman73]

Sussman, G. J, Some Aspects of Medical Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Working Paper 56 (1973).

[Swartout8l]

Swartout, W., R., Producing Explanations and Justifications of Expert Consulting Programs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Laboratory for Computer Science, Technical Report MIT/LCS/TR-251 (1981).

[Szolovits76]

Szolovits, P., and Pauker, S. G., Research on a Medical Consultation System for Taking the Present Illness, Proceedings of the Third Illinois Conference on Medical Information Systems, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle (1976).

[Szolovits77]

Szolovits, P., Hawkinson, L., and W. A. Martin, An Overview of the OWL Language for Knowledge Representation, Proceedings of the Workshop on Natural Language Interaction with Databases, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schloss Laxenburg, Austria, Jan. 10, 1977. Also appeared as MIT/LCS/TM-86 (1977).

[Szolovits78]

Szolovits, P., Pauker, S. G., Categorical and Probabilistic Reasoning in Medical Diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence 11:115-144 (1978).

[Szolovits78a]

Szolovits, P., The Lure of Numbers—How to Live With and Without Them in Medical Diagnosis, Proceeding of the Colloquium in Computer-Assisted Decision Making using Clinical and Paraclinical (Laboratory) Data, (1978).

[Szolovits79]

Szolovits, P., and Pauker, S. G., Computers and Clinical Decision Making: Whether, How, and For Whom? Proceeding of the IEEE, 67:1224-1226(1979).

[Szolovits81]

Szolovits, P., Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview Press, forthcoming (1981).

[Szolovits81a]

Szolovits, P., Artificial Intelligence and Medicine, in P. Szolovits, ed., Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Westview Press, forthcoming (1981).

[Szolovits81b]

Szolovits, P., Patil, R. S., and Schwartz, W. B., Reasoning Methods in AI programs in Medicine, in progress.

[Tversky71]

Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D., Belief in the Law of Small Numbers, Psychol. Bull. 76:105-110(1971).

[Tversky74]

Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D., Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Science 185:1124-1131 (1974).

[Weed68]

Weed, L. L., Medical Records that Guide and Teach, New Engl. J. Med. 278:593, (1968).

[Weiss74]

Weiss, S. M., A System for Model-Based Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Therapy, Ph.D. Thesis, Computers in Biomedicine, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, CBM-TR-27-Thesis (1974).

[Weiss76]

Weiss, S. M., Presentation at the Third Illinois Conference on Medical Information Systems, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle (1976).

[Weiss78]

Weiss, S. M., Kulikowski, C. A., Amarel, S., and Safir, A., A Model-Based Method for Computer-Aided Medical Decision-Making, Artificial Intelligence 11:145-172(1978).

[Winston77]

Winston, P. W., Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, (1972).

[Yu79]

Yu, V. L., et al., Evaluating the Performance of a Computer-Based Consultant, Computer Programs in Biomedicine 9:95-102(1979)

[Zadeh65]

Zadeh, L. A., Fuzzy sets, Information and Control 8:338-353(1965).

... on to Notes

This section is part of

Patil, Ramesh S. Causal Representation of Patient Illness for Electrolyte and Acid-Base Diagnosis. MIT Lab for Computer Science Technical Report TR-267. October 1981. Also: Ph.D. Thesis, MIT Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.