Charles C. Porter.
A revision of Cosmiocryptus in the coastal desert of Perú and North Chile (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).
Psyche 92:463-492, 1985.

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A REVISION OF COSMIOCRYPTUS IN THE COASTAL DESERT OF PERU AND NORTH CHILE
(HY MENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University Bronx, NY 10458
Taxonomy and Relationships
Cosmiocryptus, as here defined, ranges from Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia, Brasil, Argentina, and the Neantarctic regions of Chile. Like its close relative Trachsphyrus, this genus prefers Andean (up to at least 4000 m), semiarid, and temperate habitats, but also has a few specialized representatives in tropical South America below the equator and outside the Amazon Basin.
Cosmiocryptus includes at least 50 described species (Porter 1967) plus as many as 100 still undescribed representatives. My concept of Cosmiocryptus (NEW STATUS) includes most of the species placed by Townes (1969: 179-81) under Chromocryptus, with the exception of Chromocryptus itself (which I recognize as a separate genus restricted to species intimately related to Phygadeuon Plano- sac Fitch). It should be noted that Townes (1969: 181) tentatively synonymizes Cosmiocryptus with Trachysphyrus, However, Cos- rniocryptus does not fit in Trachysphyrus, as defined either by Townes or by me, since its type species has the axillus vein "parallel to the anal margin of the hind wing" (Townes 1969: 159) and so will run in Townes key (1969: 159-65) to Chromocryptus. Cosmiocryptus is a heterogeneous assemblage of perhaps diverse affinities. Some of its species superficially resemble Holarctic members of the related genera Itamoplex and Caenocryptus. Others may be close to the large but as yet little studied temperate Austral- ian and Tasmanian "trachysphyroid" fauna. It is thus not possible ĺ´Researc Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32602 Manuscript received by the editor May 10, 1985.



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to give an exhaustive generic description of Cosmiocryptus but spe- cies in the Coastal Desert may be recognized by the following com- bination of characters: Axillus close to anal margin of hind wing; base of 1st gastric tergite without a lateral tooth; mediella moder- ately arched to almost straight; mandible stout with lower tooth not longer than upper; hind coxa with a strong subvertical groove externo-ventrally near base; propodeal cristae never elongately spi- niform; 1st gastric tergite rarely with large and dense punctures. Ecology and Host Records
Cosmiocryptus often are found on the branches of shrubs or trees or in herbaceous vegetation. Information about habitat preferences of many species is given under the discussion of each taxon. The only rearing record for Cosmiocryptus in the Coastal Desert is from a species of Megalopyge (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae). Listed below in alphabetic order are collections which furnished material for this study and/ or in which type and voucher specimens are or are to be deposited. I refer to institutional collections by the name of the city where they are located and to individual collections by the surname of the owner. Specimens of Cosmiocryptus violacei- pennis, of C. diplatys, and of C. weyrauchi will be distributed to Arica, Cambridge, College Station, Gainesville, Lawrence, Porter, Townes, and Gainesville.
ARICA. Centre de Investigation y Capacitacion Agricola, Depar- tamento de Agricultura, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica, CHILE.
CAMBRIDGE.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univer- sity, Cambridge, MASS 02138.
COLLEGE STATION.
Department of Entomology, Texas A & M
University, College Station, TX 77843.
GAINESVILLE.
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P.O. Box 1269, 191 1 SW 34th Street, Gainesville, FL 32602.
LAWRENCE.
Department of Entomology, Snow Entomological Museum, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045



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PORTER. Collection of Charles C. Porter, 301 North 39th Street, McAllen, TX 78501.
TOWNES. American Entomological Institute, c/ o Dr. Virendra Gupta, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32602.
WASHINGTON. Department of Entomology, U. S. National Mu- seum, NHB 168, Washington, DC 20560
Genus COSMIOCR YPTUS
Cosmiocrypius Cameron, 1902. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 28: 371. Type: Cosmiocryp- tus violaceipennis Cameron
Neocrypiopteryx Blanchard, 1947. Commun. Zool. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo 2(42): 1. Type: Neocryptopteryx orientalis Blanchard. New synonym. KEY TO THE COASTAL DESERT COSMIOCRYPTUS
FEMALES
1. Gaster solid red or red with black staining; flagellum black with a white band; clypeus low to moderately raised, symmetrically to asymmetrically convex in profile ................... .2 1'. Gaster variously patterned with red, black, and white; flagellum not black and white; clypeus strongly raised, bluntly and ...................
asymmetrically pyramidal in profile .7
2. Epomia turned mesad above and enclosing a triangular area; mesoscutum shining and with much gross punctation and wrinkling along notauli and on peripheries of lateral lobes but duller and more finely punctured centrad on lobes; propodeal cristae very strongly projecting cuneate to ligulate; ventro-lateral carina absent on 1st gastric tergite; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.8-0.9 as long as fore wing, gently upcurved ....................... .2. C. huascar (Porter) 2'. Epomia not turned mesad at its upper end; mesoscutum uni- formly more or less shining, without or with rather weak wrinkling along notauli and not more strongly sculptured on peripheries of lateral lobes; propodeal cristae more or less strong, moderately projecting, subligulate or subcuneate; ventro-lateral carina distinct throughout on petiole; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.4-0.6 as long as fore wing, straight .................................................. 3



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3. Apical margin of clypeus produced and with a pair of tubercles on median 0.3; malar space 0.9 as long as basal width of mandible; 2nd gastric tergite smooth and shining, slightly micro-reticulate, with very sparse setae .................. ............................. 8. C. weyrauchi Porter 3'. Apical margin of clypeus not tuberculate; malar space often less than 0.9 basal width of mandible; 2nd gastric tergite with micro-reticulation often stronger and setae often denser than ..................................... describedabove 4 4. First flagellomere 6.2-7.8 as long as deep at apex; temple 0.6-0.8 as long as eye in dorsal view; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.6 as long as fore wing; both dorsal and ventral valves of ovipositor broadly and strongly flattened on tip, dorsal valve profile between notch and apex gently concave ........... .............................. 5. C. diplatys (Porter) 4'. First flagellomere 5.0-6.0 as long as deep at apex; temple 0.4-0.5 as long as eye in dorsal view; sheathed portion of ovipositor 0.4-0.5 as long as fore wing; ovipositor valves at most mod- erately flattened on tip, the dorsal valve with a straight or slightly convex taper between notch and apex .......... .5 5. Fore tibia stout but not inflated; postpetiole 1.5 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor slender with nodus very weak, tip 0.16 as high at notch as long from notch to apex; dorsal valve minutely tuberculate on tip ............ .............................. 7. C. leptaechma n. sp. 5'. Fore tibia palpably inflated; postpetiole 1.5-2.0 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ovipositor more robust with distinct nodus, its tip 0.22-0.28 as high at notch as long from notchto apex ....................................... 6 6. First flagellomere 5.5-6.0 as long as deep at apex; mesopleuron grossly reticulate but always with a shining and discretely punctate swelling above along prepectus opposite speculum; 2nd gastric tergite with distinct finely granular micro- reticulation and with short setae that largely approach the length of their interspaces; ovipositor stout, moderately compressed, profile of its basal valve between nodus and apex basally straight or a little concavely flattened and then convex toward tip. ........ 4. C. violaceipennis (Cameron)



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6'. First flagellomere 5.0 as long as deep at apex; mesopleuron strongly, but not grossly, reticulately wrinkled, without a raised or shiny area opposite speculum along prepectal ca- rina; 2nd gastric tergite finely reticulate but with setae much shorter than their interspaces; ovipositor strongly com- pressed, with a high nodus, dorsal valve directly tapering between notch and apex. .............. .6. C. aricae n. sp. 7. Speculum uniformly punctate, mesopleuron otherwise with fine reticulate wrinkling; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent straight or slightly reclivous, pal- pably outcurved above; mediella gently arched; apical trans- carina of propodeum fine and sharp, looped far forward medially; postpetiole 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite dully shining with uni- form delicate microreticulation; ovipositor slender and com- pressed, tip 0.22-0.23 as high at notch as long from notch ............... to apex; wings hyaline; antennae blackish. 1. C. occidens n. sp.
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7'. Speculum largely smooth and shining, rest of mesopleuron grossly sculptured; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.8 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent gently inclivous, almost straight, not outcurved above; apical trans-carina of propodeum ob- solete; postpetiole 1.7 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite smooth and conspicuously shining with faint micro-reticulation that practically fades out toward apex; ovipositor robust, tip 0.30 as high at notch as long from notch to apex; antennae reddish; wings black ............................. 3. C. leucetrum n. sp. MALES
(Males of Cosmiocryptus leucetrum, C. aricae and of C. leptaechma unknown).
1. Mediella rather strongly arched; 2nd recurrent palpably out- curved above; temple 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view; postpetiole 0.5-0.9 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite dully shining with uniform microre- .................. ticulation; gaster black, red, and white .............................. 1. C. occidens n. sp.



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1'. Mediella straight; 2nd recurrent not outcurved on upper 0.5; temple 0.6-1.0 as long as eye in dorsal view; postpetiole 0.9-1.4 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; 2nd gastric tergite smooth and shining with variably developed delicate microreticulation, solid red or red and blackish. . .2 2. Flagellum without white band; propodeal cristae large, strongly projecting ligulate or subligulate; epomia bent mesad above, where it delimits an appressed triangular area; malar space 0.9 as long as basal width of mandible.. ................. ............................... 2. C. huascar (Porter) 2'. Flagellum marked with white; propodeal cristae well developed, broadly subligulate, not so prominently projecting as in the previous species; epomia strong but not modified at its upper end; malar space 0.6-0.8 as long as basal width of mandible .................................................. 3 3. Median 0.3 of clypeus produced and with a pair of blunt tuber- cles; 1st flagellomere 2.6-3.0 as long as deep at apex; in most specimens setae of 2nd gastric tergite average palpably short- ................... er than the length of their interspaces ............................. 8. C. weyrauchi (Porter) 3'. Clypeal apex etuberculate; 1st flagellomere 3.7-5.0 as long as deep at apex; setae of 2nd gastric tergite consistently exceed the length of their interspaces ........................ .4 4. Mesoscutum strongly shining with abundant but delicate puncta- tion and wrinkling; flagellum with only the 3rd tyloid (count- ing from base) unusually broad, the rest ovoid to linear. .... ............................... 5. C. diplatys (Porter) 4'. Mesoscutum rather dully shining, with abundant dense punc- tures and wrinkles; flagellum with at least 2nd and usually 1 st-3rd tyloids broadly oval ........................... ....................... 4 . C. violaceipennis (Cameron) 1. Cosmiocryptus occidens Porter, new species (Fig. 1)
FEMALE.
Color: scape dull reddish brown, antenna otherwise nearly black; head and mesosoma black with brown staining on mandibles, a dull to pure white spot on base of mandible, and a brownish white to mostly white area on clypeus, as well as with the



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Porter - Cosrniocryptus
Fig. 1.
Cosmiocryplus occidens, 8. Paratype. Lateral view of whole insect, show- ing color pattern and habitus.
following mostly pure white ornamentation: orbital ring, broken only at bottom of eye; blotch in malar space (sometimes merging with hind orbital band); broad band on pronotal collar; sometimes blotch on anterior-ventral margin of pronotum near mid-height; broad line on dorsal margin of pronotum near mid-height; broad line on dorsal margin of pronotum, interrupted only in front between bases of notauli; about outer 0.5 to almost all of tegula; sometimes small triangular spot on each anterior corner of scutel- lum; sometimes pair of tiny dots on postscutellum; tips of propodeal cristae; and a tiny dot on subalarum; 1st gastric tergite red with some faint dusky staining that becomes darker near base; 2nd tergite dull red with slight dusky staining; 3rd tergite dull red and more or less conspicuously dusky tinged, sometimes grading into blackish on apical 0.3 and throughout laterad; 4th tergite black with some red- dish basally or sometimes mostly red and always with a very broad white apical band which becomes even broader laterad; 5th and 6th tergites black with a very broad white apical band; succeeding ter- gites black with extensive, irregular white markings; legs red, duller on tibiae and tarsi, sometimes with a tiny white dot near base on hind coxa; wings hyaline with fore wing faintly brownish tinged. Length of fore wing: 7.0-7.1 mm. First flagellomere: 6.8-7.7 as long as deep at apex. Clypeus: rather high, strongly blunt-pyramidal in profile; apical margin very weakly convex. Malar space: 1.0 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.23-0.33 as long as eye in dorsal view; precipitously receding and slightly rounded off. Cephalic carinae. occipital carina sharp but scarcely raised; hypo- stoma1 carina only slightly higher than occipital. Fore tibia: rather



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470 Psyche [VOI. 92
slender, with a weak swelling near basal 0.3. Pronoturn: dorsal rnar- gin weakly swollen; submarginal groove narrow and obsolete; epo- mia sharp and strong in scrobe, prolonged briefly below, unmodified above. Mesoscutum: notauli narrow, shallow but conspicuous, extending about 0.7 the length of mesoscutum; surface at most dully shining, finely but strongly reticulo-rugose to reticulo-punctate on central lobe and on an extensive area behind end of notauli, more coarsely and transversely wrinkled immediately along notauli, sometimes on lateral lobes a little more shining in comparison to rest of mesoscutum and with fine but sharp puncto-reticulation that includes many almost discrete punctures. Mesopleuron: speculum slightly differentiated, more shining than rest of surface, with uni- form and comparatively coarse punctation; surface otherwise with uniform finely reticulate wrinkling. Wing venation: radial cell 3.3-3.5 as long as wide; areolet large; intercubiti strongly convergent above; 2nd abscissa of radius 0.5 as long as 1st intercubitus; 2nd recurrent straight or a little reclivous below, definitely outcurved above; discocubitus broadly angled, with a long ramellus; mediella gently arched; nervellus broken well below middle, upper part 3.5 as long as lower. Propodeurn: short and high, faces subequal, basal sloping, apical discrete and nearly vertical; spiracle 2.0 as long as wide; area basalis weakly defined; basal trans-carina strong and sharp throughout, much raised medially; apical trans-carina fine and sharp, sometimes weakened laterad, medially thrust far for- ward; cristae of moderate size, briefly ligulate, projecting; median longitudinal carina delimiting a broadly hexagonal areola; lateral longitudinal carina scarcely suggested; surface dully shining, basad of basal trans-carina puncto-reticulate, rugose between trans- carinae, a little more finely reticulate on apical face. First gastric tergite: 1.1-1.3 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina fine and sharp throughout; dorso-lateral carina very sharp on postpetiole but gradually weakening basad on petiole; dorsal carinae prominent but blunt and enclosing a low median elevation toward apex of petiole and on base of postpetiole; surface of postpetiole dully shining except more polished on apical 0.3 and with delicate micro-reticulation that fades out near apex. Second gastric tergite: dully shining with uniform delicate microreticulation and a few minute, obscure punctures emitting short, widely scat- tered setae. Ovipositor: sheathed portion 0.6 as long as fore wing;



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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptus 47 1
only slightly upcurved, slender, compressed; nodus only gently raised, with a minute notch; ventral valve with fine, well spaced oblique ridges on tip, tip 0.23 as high at notch as long from notch to apex.
MALE.
Color: differs from female as follows: white spot beneath on scape; white markings on head broader; tegula wholly white; often most of scutellum and postscutellum white; almost percurrent white line on subalarum; 1st gastric tergite with a broad white band on apex; 2nd and 3rd tergites with laterally abbreviated white apical bands, with that of 3rd tergite comparatively weak or irregular (or sometimes all tergites with complete white apical bands); 5th tergite red on basal 0.4; 7th tergite black with a broad white apical band; clasper brownish with a large black spot; fore and mid tarsi dusky, hind tarsus blackish; hind tibia tinged with dusky above, especially toward apex; fore and mid coxae with a black area dorsally that is bounded anteriorly by a large white area and posteriorly by a smaller white area; hind coxa with a large white blotch dorsally on basal 0.5 and sometimes with a little brownish staining apically; fore and mid trochanters white with a broad and nearly percurrent black stripe above; mid trochantellus red as in female but with considera- ble blackish above.
Length of fore wing: 5.3-7.3 mm. First flagellomere: 4.4-4.5 as long as deep at apex. Malar space; 0.9 as long as basal width of mandible. Temple: 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view. Mesoscu- turn: notauli sometimes traceable but faint, sometimes as strong as in female. Mesopleuron: speculum often more polished than in female, with some smooth interspaces among the punctures. Wing venation: ramellus sometimes very short; mediella quite strongly arched, its upper part 2.4 as long as the lower part. Propodeurn: basal face strongly declivous; apical face nearly vertical, well differ- entiated from basal face and 0.7 as long as basal face; spiracle 1.5- 1.7 as long as wide; basal trans-carina sometimes becoming a little irregular laterad, but as strongly raised on meson as in female; apical trans-carina fine and gently to rather strongly curved forward on median 0.3-0.6 but weak to obsolete laterad; cristae prominent robustly cuneate; longitudinal carinae scarcely suggested. First gas- tric tergite: postpetiole weakly expanded apicad, 0.5-0.9 as wide apically as long from spiracle to apex; ventro-lateral carina strong throughout, except sometimes weaker below spiracle; dorso-lateral



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472 Psyche [VOI. 92
carina weakly and irregularly defined; dorsal carinae absent; surface with coarser and more granular micro-reticulation than in female; setae largely surpassing the length of their interspaces, much longer and denser than in female.
TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype Q: PERU, Lima Province, San Geronimo, 5-VII-1976, C. Porter. Paratypes: 19, 36: PERU, Lima Province, Matucana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange, 7-9-VII-1975, C. Porter; La Libertad Province, Samne nr. Trujillo, 1500 m, 12-17-VII-1975, C. Porter, L. Stange. Holotype in Florida State Collection of Arthropods. Paratypes in Florida State Collection of Arthropods (I<$), Collection of Henry K. Townes (I^), and Collection of Charles C. Porter (19, 13). RELATIONSHIPS.
Cosmiocryptus occidens belongs to the Rufiti- bia group within its genus (Porter 1967: 124-6) and is very closely related to the central Andean C. townesorum Porter (1967: 135-7).1 Probably, these 2 species are vicariants which differentiated, in the Puna and Coastal Desert respectively, while late Tertiary and Pleis- tocene climatic changes alternately prevented and encouraged dis- persal of xerophilous biota across the highest Andean cordilleras. A similar relationship seems to obtain between the ephialtine ichneu- monids Itoplectis niobe Schrottky (mostly restricted to above 2500 m in Peru) and Itoplectis phoenogaster Porter (a closely related Itoplectis endemic to the Coastal Desert below 2500 m, as discussed by Porter 1979: 180-1).
Cosmiocryptus townesorum differs from C. occidens in lacking a white band on the female flagellum, in its absence of red markings, longer temple (0.4-0.5 as long as eye in dorsal view vs. 0.2-0.3 in C. occidens), and conspicuously upcurved ovipositor (ovipositor only slightly upcurved in C. occidens).
FIELD NOTES.
Cosmiocryptus occidens inhabits moist areas with subtropical to prepuna climates (1500 to 2389 m altitude) in fertile river valleys along much of the Peruvian coast. I have taken it by sweeping dense herbaceous undergrowth along irrigation ditches and also while beating the large composite shrub, Baccharis. Cos- miocryptus and numerous other Hymenoptera often are attracted to Baccharis, where they feed on honeydew produced by the many 'New combination.




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19851 Porter - Cosmiocrypi~ 473
Fig. 2.
Cosmiocryprw huascw, 2. Photograph of whole insect in lateral view. homopterous sap suckers which usually infest this common stream- side plant.
SPECIFIC NAME. From the Latin adjective occidens, "west or sunset.
2. Cosmiocryptus huascar (Porter), new combination (Fig. 2, 3,4).
Trachysphyrus humcar Porter, 1967. Mem. Amer. Ent. Inst. 10: E22-4. Holotype 9 Peril, Largos, 3500 m, 23-HI-1960, W. Weyrauch (Tucumhn). I described this species (Porter 1967: 122-24) from 5 females and I male collected between 2389 m and 3500 m in the Andes of central and western Perk An additional 4 females now are reported from Matucana, Peru and their analysis permits the following amend- ments and additions to my original description. Length of fore wing: 10.5- 14.4 mm. First flagellomere: 5.9-6.7 as long as deep at apex. Molar space: 0.9-1.3 as long as basal width of mandible. Clypeus: apical margin nearly straight. Tetnple: 0.5-0.6 as long as eye in dorsal view. Mesoscutum: notauli reaching up to



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Psyche
[Vol. 92
Fig, 3,
Cwmiocryprus huascar, 9. SEM Photograph (42X), showing anteric- lateral pan of thorax.
Fig. 4. Cosmiocryptus huascar, 9. SEM Photograph (SSX), showing pronoturn and most of mesoscutum in dorsal view.




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19851 Porter - Cosmiocryptus 475
0.8 the length of mesoscutum. Wing venation: ramellus often short but distinct. Propodeum: cristae often very strongly projecting cuneate to ligulate. Ovipositor: notch sometimes obsolete; tip 0.14-0.17 as high at notch as long from notch to apex. NEW SPECIMENS EXAMINED. 42: PERU, Lima Province, Matu- cana, 2389 m, 28-30-VI-1974, C. Porter, L. Stange. VARIATION.
Although its range extends from the central Andes at Cuzco and Urubamba to the west Andean slopes near Lima, C. huascar shows little variation in the characters studied and offers no phaenotypically aberrant local populations. These facts and its abil- ity to live at altitudes of up to 3500 m suggest that this species is a recent (i.e. post-Pleistocene) arrival on the upper fringes of the Coastal Desert.
FIELD NOTES. Specimens of C. huascar collected at Matucana