Article beginning on page 423.
Psyche 9:423-426, 1900.

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PSYCHE.
GROUP CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN BUT- TERFLIES - VI,
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDUBR, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Tribe EUMAEINI.
Butterfly : Antennae gradually in-
crassated, the club hardly distinct, taper- ing apically ; last joint of palpi nearly as stout as middle joint ; third superior sub- costal nervule of fore wings simple;
upper of the two veins closing the cell of same obsolete, the lower complete ;
apical armature of fore tarsi of male
the same as in Theclini. Males with no
discal patch of special scales. Esg:
Unknown. Caterpillar at ti~fh: Un-
known. Mature Caterpillar : Cylindrical, the head fully half as broad as the body ; highest portions of body occupying the
posterior half of each segment; body
clothed with hairs the more important
of which are clustered upon longitudinal series of fleshy bosses. Ck7yiz/is :
Dermal appendages composed oi equal
compressed twisted ribands, tapering
only at. the extreme tip.
Tribe TI-IECLINI,
Butterfly : Club of antennae distinct,
usually unequal throughout ; last joint of palpi far slenderer than middle joint ;
third superior subcostal nervule of fore wings simple; both of the two veins
closing the cell of same subobsolete ;
last tarsal joint of fore legs of male with a pair of spines differing from the others only in being larger and curved. Males
with a discal patch of special scales on fore wings. Egg: As much depressed
above as truncate below, the n~icropylic pit very deep, the central depressed area rarely including as much as half the
entire width of the egg.
Caterpillar at
birlh: Head noticeably narrower than
the body; last three abdominal seg-
ments fused. Mature caterpillar : Head
one third or more the width of the body, highest portion of body segments at or
behind the middle, the posterior slope
the more abrupt; body coarsely pilose,
the hairs longer along the ridges of the body. Chrysalis : Dermal appendages
consisting of cylindrical equal hairs
tapering only at the tip.
Tribe LYCAENINI.
Sutferfty :
Club of antennae distinct,
usually equal throughout ; third superior subcostal nervule forked; spines on
under side of tarsi cokparatively few
and ranged in pretty regular wries.




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424 PSKIfi?, [December, 1902
Males with no discal patch of special
scales. Eeg: As much depressed above
as truncate below, the micropylic pit
relatively shallow, the central depressed area including at least half of the entire width. Cate~-f,iZZar at diri.4 : Head near- ly or quite as 'broad as the body; last
two abdominal segments fused. Mature
caterpillar: Head less than one fourth
the width of the body ; posterior portions of body segments slightly elevated ; body covered with stellate piliferous papillae. ChrjuaZzs : Dermal appendages consist-
ing of uniformly tapering cylindrical
hairs.
Tribe CHRYSOPHANINI.
Butterfly :
Club of antennae distinct,
usually equal throughout ; third inferior subcostal nervule forked ; spines on
under side of tarsi numerous and clus-
tere& irregularly at the sides. Males
with no discal patch of special scales.
&g: Domed, much less depressed above
than truncate below; angles of cells
scarcely or not prominent. Cafe?7>/iZar
at birth : Head nearly or quite as broad as body ; eighth abdominal segment not
fused with others. Mature caterpillar :
Head one half or nearly one half the
width of the body; highest portions of
body segments at or in front of the mid- dle of the segments, the anterior slope
the more abrupt ; body clothed uniformly with short pile, or with longer hairs
(sometimes springing from bosses) ar-
ranged transverscly. Chrysalis: Dermal
appendages short fungiform.
Subfamily PIERINAE.
Butterfly: Antennae straight. Median
nervure of fore wings with three
branches ; hind wings partially enclos-
ing the abdomen. Fore tibiae with no
epiphysis; each of the claws bifid;
paronychia generally present. Usually
of medium size. Egg: Tall and slender,
greatly tapering above and often below
so as to have a slender base, vertically ribbed and trellised throughout, Cater-
pillar at birth : Head free with a rctro- arcuate posterior dorsal curve. Body
cylindrical, with ranged papillae each
supporting a single appendage. Mature
caterpillar: Head free, scarcely if at all smaller than the succeeding segment,
with a posteriorly descending surface as in infancy. Body nearly uniform clothed
abundantly with small briefly piliferous papillae and generally longitudinally
striped ; no osmateria on thoracic seg-
ments. Chrysalis : Anterior extremity
ending in a single central conical pro-
jcction thrust some distance in advance
of the base of the antennae, and without oecllai- protuberances. Dorsal surface
of the abdomen ridged, if at all, along
the mediodorsal line ; i. e. single. Girt crossing the middle of the first abdom-
inal segment.
Tribe RIIODOCERINI.
Butterfly : Club of antennae gradually
incrassated, cylindrical, apically truncate; palpi very short and moderately stout,
the apical joint minute ; third subcostal nervule of fore wings with a long fork ;



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December, q02] PSYCHE. 425
precostal nervure of hind wings short
or wanting ; middle tibiae shorter than
the femora in the male; eighth abdom-
inal segment of male posteriorly pro-
duced above. Egx: Tapering at base
almost as much as above, rounded at
each end, vertical ribs numerous, slight. Caterpillar at birth : Uppermost ranged
appendages lateroclorsal, conspicuously
longest at the extremities 01 the body.
Mature cate?*ftiZ/ar: Piliferous papillae subequal, or if very unequal the larger
arranged on abdominal segments in
transverse series. Body moderately stout, tapering forward, the segments divided
into six sections, the head smaller than any part of the body. Chrysalis : Wing
cases decidedly protuberant ventrally,
the tongue and antennae not nearly
reaching the uncovered part of the
abdomen ; prominences of body gener-
ally rounded, the head well distinguished by its curves from the frontal projection. Tribe ANTHOCHARINI.
Kiitferffy : Club of antennae and palpi
as in Pierini ; third subcostal nervule of Fore wing forked near the n~idclle; pre- costal nervure of hind wing straight;
middle tibiae shorter than femora ;
eighth abdominal segment of male pos-
teriorly produced above. Egg: Taper-
ing but little below, the base truncate
and summit rounded ; vertical ribs com-
paratively few and distinct. CaterpiZLa~ at birth'. Uppermost arranged appen-
dages below the latcrorlorsal linc, all of nearly equal length. Mature caterpiZZar : Piliferous papillae of unequal size and
on abdominal segments the larger ar-
ranged only in longitudinal series. Body very slender, scarcely tapering forward, the segments divided into seven sections and the head much broader than high.
Chrysalis : Wing cases decidedly pro-
tuberant ventrally, the tongue and anten- nae not nearly reaching the uncovered
part of the abdomen; prominences of
body rounded, the frontal projection
often of excessive length with no sepa-
rate curve from the head.
Tribe PIEKINI.
Butterfly: Club of antennae depressed,
distinct, subspatulate ; palpi very slen- der, elongate, the last joint long; third subcostal nervule of four wings forked
at extreme tip; precostal nervine of
hind wings bent strongly outward ; mid-
dle tibiae at least as long as femora;
posterior margin of eighth abdominal
segment of male entire or notched above. Egg: Tapering but little below, base
truncate; summit distinctly truncate,
vertical ribs not very numerous, sharp
and distinct. CaterfiJtarat birth: Upper- most ranged appendages laterodorsal, all appendages of nearly uniform length.
Mature caterpillar : Piliferous papillae of unequal size and 011 abdominal seg-
ments the larger arranged only in longi- tudinal series. Body comparatively stout, scarcely tapering forward, the segments
divided into six sections and the head
scarcely or not at all broader than high. Chrj~sulis: Wing cases not ventrally




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426 PSYCHE. [December, 190%
protuberant, the tongue and antennae
reaching the uncovered part of abdo-
men ; carinae often raised to sharp pro- jections.
Subfamily PAPILIONINAE.
Sufterfty: Antennae more or less
arcuate.
Median nervure of fore wings
with four branches ; hind wings not
enclosing the abdomen, often plaited on
the inner margin. Fore tibiae with a
distinct epiphysis on the inner side ;
each of the claws simple and Ions;; par- - -
onychia lacking.
Usually of large size.
Egg: Spheroidal or oblate spheroidal,
at most scarcely higher than broad, gen- erally broader than high, all surface
structure, when visible, reticulate. Cat- erpillar at tirth: Head with no retro-
arcuate posterior dorsal curve, but par- tially covered by a fold of the segment
behind. Body more or less angulated
at the lateral line with ranged papillae most or all supporting several append-
ages. Mature caterpillar : Head much
smaller than the succeeding seg-
ments, more or less covered posteriorly, where there is no rctroarcuate dorsal
curve, by a fold of the segment behind.
Body frequently enlarged at the hinder
end of the thoracic region, nearly naked or with longitudinally ranged fleshy fila- ments, or bristly ma-millae, occasionally with transversely ranged piliferous papil- lae ; generally transversely marked or
saddled with sharply contrasted colors,
or where longitudinally marked it is by
serial spots and not by stripes; a Y-
shaped osmaterium on first thoracic seg- ment. Chrysalis : Anterior extremity
ending in a pair
of projections - the
ocellar prominences - thrust some dis-
tance in front of the antennae, or with
rounded front not projecting beyond the
base of the antennae, occasionally (in,
exotic types) with
a double knob of
hooks. Dorsal surface of the abdomen
ridged if at all on the laterodorsal line ; i. e. double. Girt crossing the middle of the metathorax.
Tribe PARNASSINI.
Butterfly : Last joint of palpi long;
wings rounded, in our species entire,
the subcostal nervure of fore wings with three superior branches.* Egg': Very
oblate spherical, deeply and profusely
punctate. Caterpillar at birth : Bristles of body spiculiferous not apically ex-
panded but truncate. Mature cater-
pillar: Body with ranged tubercles
bearing bristly hairs or clothed with
bristly hairs massed in distinct regions. Chrysalis: With no frontal projections,
sometimes enclosed in a cocoon, or
attached (in Thais) by the anterior
extremity.
Tribe PAPILIONINI.
Butterfly:
Last joint of palpi min-
ute; wings suhfalcate, the hind pair
usually tailed, the subcostal nervure of fore wings with four superior branches.
Egf: Nearly spheroidal, with scarcely
*These characters do not hold for the entire group, out- side of -4meric~~, where it is less d~vdoped.



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perceptible reticulation. Caterpz'lllzr at birth: Bristles of body not spiculif-
erous, apically enlarged or flaring.
Mature caterpillar : Body naked except
for scanty and excessively short almost
n~icroscopic hairs, occasionally provided with fleshy filaments. Chrysalis: With
a pair of frontal projections, hanging
freely by tail and mid-girth only.
Family HESPERIDAE.
Tribe HESPERINI.
Butterfly: Tail of antennal club
nearly or quite as long as club proper;
abdomen generally shorter than hind
wings. Males with a costal fold on
fore wings concealing special scales, and with a corneous sheath protecting the
extended alimentary canal. Eg: Sub-
spherical, vertically ribbed and cross
lined. CaterpzZla?, at tirfh : Bristles of last segment only a little longer than the others, not recurved. Mature cater-
J a r : Body relatively stout and
plump ; highest points of the two sides
of the head more distant from each
other than the length of the base of the frontal triangle. Chrysalis : Tongue
case not protruding beyond the tip of
the wing cases.
Tribe PAIIPHTLINI.
But/e@'y: Tail of antennal club
shorter than the club proper, occahion-
ally wanting; abdomen as long as or
surpassing the hind wings. Males often
, with a velvety oblique streak on the
disk of the fore wings, the alimentary
canal not prolonged. Egg: Usually
subhemispherical, with smooth or ob-
scurely reticulate surface. Cate~pil-
lar at birth: Sonie of the bristles of
last segment exceptionally long and
recurved. Mature cu/er$illar : Body
very elongate ; highest points of the two sides of the head no farthcr apart than
the length of the base of the frontal
triangle. Chrysalis : Tongue case free
at tip, protruding beyond the wings.
A SIMPLIFIED SPREADING BOARD.
Some entomological friends who have vis- ited nlj- laboratory recently have been unex- pectedly interested in a means of setting and spreading the wings of insects that I have employed for a good while, and have asked thal I should describe it. 1 am constrained to do so, not becausc the old form of grooved board with cork backing is unsatisfactory, but bccause my board is simpler, cheaper and can be made in a moment by an? one. It is better, "to, in some respects and for some kinds of insects, and I now use it almost altogether.
It consists of a thin piece of smooth board of soft xood with rows of awl holes punched ihi-ough it, fastened flatwise upon another thin board of the same size. That is all there is to it. The piece with the holes in it should be of a thickness equal to one fourth the length of tlic pin.
To use, the pin is thrust through the insect nearly to Lhe head,inverted, and pushed head downward to the bottom of one of the holes, and the wings are expanded and pinned down under strips of paper in the usual way, but in the inverted position,
Its advantages over the old, grooved board fire : -




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