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Psyche 9:78-84, 1900.

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PSYCHE.
season again a special watch was kept
for any sfirehis which might be taken
during the collecting hours, remlting,
as we had supposed from obseiva~ions
in the field, in the taking of no speci- mcns of sftrefus whatever. On care-
ful examination of this material, how-
ever, we find what we believe to be
one specimen of s@ctzis, a female.
These notes are here recorded since the
absence and recurrence of spreius is
never without interest. Not present in
this territory in 1897, we find it in liin- itcd numbers in 1898 and this season
out ofall the material taken clviring four weeks collecting in H:iinillon, Ford
and Russell counties but one doubtful
specimen among the captures.
THE GENUS KERMES IN NORTH AMERICA.
BY GEO. B. KING, LAWRENCE, MASS.
When I first thought of writing upon
this genus it was my intention to take
up the European species, but owing to
the fact that I have not yet been able
to consult some of the more important
European literature treating' npon the
species found, and also that I wish to
possess or at least see most of the
species, I have abandoned it for the
present, and taken up our North
Americsin forms. As there are not
sufficient specific microscopical char-
acters in the adult female to formulate
:I table of the species I have thought it best to put them into sections, based
upon a superficial examination of the
female scale.
I. Section of Kermes galliformis
Riley. Globular forms, or nearly so,
segmentation obscure ; not gibbous.
K. boeei, .K. fzt&escens, K, nigro-
Wctatus, K. kiftgii, K. cefi/erus,
K. -pettiti, K. az~s/å´I~~i K. grandis,
K. ferry;, and K. galliformis var.
cziemensis, n. var.
2. Section of Kermes g illettei Ckll.
Scales gibbous, segmentation distinct,
K. concinnuhts and K. cockerclli.
3. Section of IsTernzes nivalis King,
Clill. Scales shaped like a convex
Leccmizmz, not globulsir or gibbous.
4. Section of Kcrmes a&& King.
Scales very convex, elongated or pyl-i-
form in shape.
Prof. Cockerell finds Boitard, in
1828, the earliest author to use Kermes
as a true generic name. Of course
Kmes (as he says) was used as a
popular term for many years before
Boitaril's time, as will be seen when I
treat of the European species. The
total number of Kermes described is
z6 and one variety, with one more yet
to be named by Newstead, found in
Africa. The name K. qwcrcus was
proposed for it, but this is preoccupied. Europe has 12 and North America 15
species and one variety. The m e -
sinae therefore contains 27 species and
one variety, all of which belong to one
genus, Kermes, The localities which
have produced new species in North
Pswht 9 078-84 (pre.1903). hfp //psyche aitclub ora/S/d-OOPS htd



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America are : New York, 1 ; Arizona,
I ; Oklahoma, I ; Colorado, I ; Kansas,
2 ; California, 3 ; Massachusetts, 4;
Mexico, I ; and one variety from
Texas. Although Kermes were known
before the Lime of Moses, there were
none described fiom America until
June, 1881. A brief synopsis of the
species follow in the order in which
they were originally described.
I Ksrmes galliformis Riley, 1881. A
large, dm-k, dirty gray form, which turns to a nearly clear white color when exposed a season on Lhe twigs. 2 scale 6 nun. long, 7 broad, 6 high, with black spots, and viewed with a hand lens the scale is seen to be cov- ercd with minute black specks. Newly
hatched larvadirty gray. Sec tables. Origi- nally described from Iron Mountain, No,, and Silver City, New Mexico, the latter col- lecled by Mr. H. PI. Ruby, on J?>ue>'cas emoryt, also recordedfrom Colorado, Florida, Connecticut, South, Carolina, and Massa- chusetts. A new locality is Las Vcgas, New Mexico, March, 1900 (Cockerel! and Porter). Bibliography. --American Naturalist, vol. I;, 1881, p. 482. U. S. Agr. Rept. 1880-81, p, 337. C. S. Entom. Com. 1890, p. ioo". Ctin. Ent. vol. 31, 1899, 11. 139.
la. Kevmes gallifor~nis, var. ci/ef'oensis. Cockerell, n. var. å´ I,arge, transverse diameter 8 mm., convex, with no niedi-
an constrictiou ; brownish-white, obscurely marbled with very pale gray, with linear transverse brown bands, somewhat "wavy,
and thickened at intervals; surface mi~~utely speckled with brown dots. On small
branches of post oak ( ~ ~ I ' c ~ L s sp), at Cucro, Texas, June 2, 1898, collected by Prof. C. 13. T. Townsend" (T. D. A. Cock- erell, MS.).
After my MS. was sent to the printer
Prof. Cockerel1 sent me some of the yo~ing larvae of the above variety, and I find them very different from any yet described, and belong to the galliformis group; the follow- ing is a description of them.
9 larvae light yellow, elongate oval, doe long, 200 broad.
Antennae; 6-jointed, 3, 6
and I equal in length and longest, 2, 4 and j equal and short, nearly as broad as long. All the measurcinents are in micromilli- meters, joints (1)20 (2)12 (3)20 (4)12 (5)12 (6)20. Formula (361)(245): I, 4 and 5 have two short bri&Lles. 6 seem to have about nine or ten, two of these at the apical and very long. Marginal spines point backward and sligl~tly curved, not very stout, 12 long. C:i-udal tubercles long, each with a long brittle 140 long, and three stout spine& 20 long, Legs normal with the coxa 20 long. Fcinur with trochanter, 64; tibia, 28; tarsus, 48; claw, 16. Coxa, 36 broxd. Femur with trocliauter, 28; tibia, 16; tarsus, 16. Tlic tarsus diminishes in "beadth rapidly near the claw. DigituIcs of tarsus and claw normal, with sinall knobs. Mentum md rostra1
loop tinged with yellow, all the other parts arc colorless afler boiling in K. H. 0.
2. Ke~rne.9 gillettei Chll., 1895. $ scale 8 min. long. 7.5 broad, 7 high. Segmenta- tion distinct, ciorsum with round tuberosities, general coloring' white and dark brown mot- tled, usually with a white dorsal band.
Young larva pale purplish pink. Antennae 6 juinted, 3 and 6 equal and longest,, 4 and 5 equal and shortest and about as long as
broad, 3 a little longer than 4 and much shorler Lhtin 3, 3 about as long as 4 plus 5. Formula (36) 2 (45).
Described frurin Mmi-
tou, Colorado, on $uercus å´!~ndtdcita
Coll.
by Prof. Gillette, Nov. 26, 1894, also found in New Mexico, in Santa Fi Canon (Cock-
erell), and at Beulah (Cockerel1 and Porter, March, 1900).
Bibl. -The Entomologist, London, 1895,
p. 101. Hemiptem of Coloratlx, 1895; p. 126. PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
3. Kermcs ioguei Chll., 1897. 2 scale
globnld~, 66 mm. long, 5% broad, 5 high, smooth, not shining. Color dark, irregular



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PSYCHE. [July, ,900.
80
blotching- c
if scdet, black an
dull white;
young larva reddish purple (iiftcr boiling). Antennae 6 jointed, 3 longest, 6 nearly as long as three, 2 broader than long, j shortest. Formula 36 (21) 45. Hab. about 10 miles
from Stillwater, Oklahoma, on J^uercm
alba. Coll. by Prof. Bogue, Aug'. 26, 1896. l3ibl. - Entoinologicii.1 News, vol. 8, 1897, p. 94.
PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
4. Kemes grmdis Ckll., 1898. 9 scale
globular, TO mm. in disuncter, surface dull, marbled with black gray and white. Hiib. -Ainccamecn, Mexico, on qnercus riqel-
manni. Coll. by Mr. Koebele, May 25,
1897.
Bibl. -Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. TI,, June. 1898, p. 431. Uiol. Centr. Amer. Rltynch. Homop. vol. 2, Pt. 2, Dec., 1899, p. 10.
PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
j. Kevmes å´fii.bescen Bogue, 1890. $ scale globular, 3+ mm. in dim1cte1-,3 high. Color light brown,with suffused dark brown bands marking the obscure segments. , Surface
shining, minutely pubescent. Hab. -Man-
IiatLaii, Kansas, on ~ ~ ? I ' C Z C S macrocarfa and ~,frinoides. Coll. by Mr. Norton,Nov. 14, 1897, also found at Lawrence, Andover, and Methnen, Mass., on aerc-ns alba and q.
iwbra. Coll. King. July, 1898.
Bibl. -Can. Ent. vol. 30, 1898, p. 172.
Can. EnL, vol. 31, 1899, p. 139. PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
6. Kermes concinwi~li~s Ckll. 1898. 9
scale 44 mm. broad, 3h high, very convex rounded in front, flattened behind. Color lively ochi'eons, surface shining, sepenta- tion very di&tinct Hab. -Manhattan, Kan- sas, on J^itwctis inacrocarpu. Coll. Mr. Norton, Nov. 14, 1897.
Bibl.- Can. Ent. vol. 30, 1898, p. 172.
PSYCHE, ~01. 9, 1900, p. 44.
7. Kermes cockerelii Ehrh. 1898. $
scale 5 mm. long', 4.5 broad and 4 high, deeply seginentecl. There is a broad median longitudinal grove where the segmentation is obsolete: on each side of this the segments Larva yellow. Antennae 6 jointed. For-
mula 36 (12) 45. Ilab. -Mountain view,
California on J^uercus lobaia. Coll. Mr. Ehrhorn June, 1898.
Bibl. -Entomological News, vol. 9, 1898, p. 185.
PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
8. Z<ermes ~zig~~o/t~~zc/ntii.s Ehrh. arid Ckll. 1898.
!# scale globular 4.5 mm. long,
5.5 broad, nearly 4 high, not very pale och- recub, speckled all over with bliick, specks very sinall. ScgmeiiL;itioii obscure. Larva oval, pink. Antennae 6-jointed. Forni~ila 561 (4.5) 2. Hab.- Los Angeles, Califor- nia, on *!ercvs sp. Coll. by Mr. Cnuv, June, 1898. Tn Mexico; mouth of San Diego Can- on, Sierra Madre, State of Chihuahua, on live oak, onerous sp. Coll. by Prof. Town- send, May 22, 1899. Originally described from California.
BiM -Entomological News, vol. 9, 1898,
p. 186. Bid. Centr. Amcr. Rhjnch. Homop. '01. 2, pt. 2, 1899, p. 10. PSYCHE, VO~. 9, 1900, P. 45-
9. Z<wm?s nifjalis King' and Ckll. 1898. 9 scale JL,ficmik-\\}^ in shape, 4& mm. long", 4& broad and 3 high. Color dark sepia-
brown, irregularly miti-bled with black and pale ochreons. The entire scale is covered with a thick coating of snow-white powder. IIab. - Lawrence, Mnss., on @ems alba.
Coll. by King, July 28, 1898.
Bibl.-Ann and Mag. Ka;. Hist. Ser. 7,
vol. 2, Oct. 1898, p. 330. Can. Ent. vol. 31, 1899, p. 139. PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900,
P. 41.
10. ffermes ~u'ngii Ckll. 18~8. 9 SCXIC
globular, 5 mm. long, 4,; broad, 3$ high. Color bright light ochreous, slightly mar- bled with a darker redder tint, with 21 pale mid dorsal line. Hab.-Lawrence, Mass.,
in J^uercz!s rubra. Coll. by Kiiig, July 28, 1898. Also found by Prof. Gillette it few years previous in Delaware, and then taken for A". galiiformzs.
Bibl. -Ann. and Mag. NaL. Hist. Ser. 7,
vol. 2, 1889, p. 330. Can. Ent. vol. 31, 18~9, -
are ~t1'0ngly gibbous. Color light brown. p. 139. PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44



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July, q"o.1 PSYCHE. 81
I . Kermes cwz'ferus El-irh. 1899.
9 scale
globular 4 to 4.4 mm. in diameter. Color brown, shiny, dotted with black spots and coated with a dirty white wax. 1.arva red- dish. Antennae 6 jointed, 3 and 6 about
equal, I an0 2 equal, 4 and 5 eqiuil. For- mula (63) (12) (45).
Hab. -Walnut Creek
Canyon neiir Flagstaff, Arizona, on q/iercm So.
Bibl.-Can. Ent. vol. 31, 1899, p. 5.
PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
12. Kemesfettiti Ehrh. 1899. $ scale
globular, 4 mtn. long, 4 broad, 34 high. Color french yellow with black spots and obscure bliick specks ('visible only with a hand lens, as in gallifomis), with a prom- nent longit~idinal constriction. The young larvae are yellow, and resemblestructurally those of pdlifofims, whose larvae are dark gray. PettUi scales do not lose their yellow color in the cabinet, as do gullifofwis; AT. å´pettit is very near to gallz/o~?nis, but never- theless it is a valid species. Prof, Cockercll informs me that the material was small and poor from which Mr. Ehrhorn described, and according to one of the type lot sent me, it seems us though there was another species mixed with his lot of a reddish-brown color, with darker brown spots. I find these in Massachusetts also with K. petfit6 and
think this will prove to be a new species when its liu'vii. is found. Hiib. -Ithnca, N. Y., on @erciis Sf. Coll. by Mr. Pettit, 1898, at Lawrence, Mass., on @ercus alba and -2. rubra, Sept. 1897. Coll. by King, ilso found by Dr. Fletcher in Canada.
Bibl.-Can. Ent., vol. 31, 1899, p. 7.
PSYCHE, ~01. 9, 1900, p. 22. PSYCHE, ~01. 92 19001 P- 45-
13. Kermes anstin.i Ehl-h, 1899. scale
globular, 4.5 mm. broad, 4 long and 4 high, color light brown with several irregulsir white stripes running parallel with the seg- ments. Young larva pink. Antennae 6
jointed, 3 longest then 6; 2 and 5 snbequal, I and 4 about equal. Formula 36 (25) (41). Hab. -GuejiLo Mountains, eight miles east of Escondido, San Diego Co., California on J^iierc-~s obluyigifolia.
Coll. by Mr. Austin,
1898.
Bib1.-Can. Ent. vol. 31, 1899, p. 104'
PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 44.
14. Kmes andrei King. 1900. $ scale
very convex, 5 mm. high and 5 in diameter at its base, surface shining. Color light- brown with three and sometimes four dark brown bands. Hab. -Lawrence, Muss., on
2uercus alba and J?. rubra. Coll. King,
Sept. 9, 1899.
Bibl.- PSYCHE, vol. 9, 1900, p. 22. PSY- CHE, ~01. 9, 1900. p. 44.
15. Kerwes 'perryi King n. sp. $ scale
occurs on the twigs in clusters of 8 to 14. Shape, very globulin-, small, 3 mm, in dianic- ter. Superfically examined, its color appears to be dark gray, dull, not shining, very near the color of the bark upon the twig. Viewed with a hand lens the segmentation is nearly obsolete :md indicated by fine black lines, upon a dark yellowish brown surface.
Par-
allel with the segments are several depressed dots, which are darker than the surface. The entire surface of the scale is covered more or less with a dirty white wax; under a low power of the microscope this appears to be small white granular crystals. Boiled in K. 0. H. it turns the liquid dark brown. Dermis by transmitted light colorless, with small round gland-orifices. Rostral loop long, and stout. Antennae short, stout, 108 long. Apparently six jointed but the joints are indistinct, joint I is 80 broad, 6 is zo broad, 3 appears lo be the longest, the 6 has several short hairs.
$ larva (newly hatched)
dark yellow, oval, broader in front than behind, not elongate us in some species, 412 long, 240 broad at middle pair of legs.
An-
tennae 6 jointed, joint 3 longest, then 6; I and 5 next and equal 2 and 4. shortest and equal. Formula 36 (15) (24), all of the
joints have hairs except I and z more being upon 5 and 6, three of these are very long. Rostral loop stout, reaching a little beyond last pair of legs. Legs normal. Coxa 24




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long. Fen~urwith trochanter 76. Tibia 32. Tarsus 52. Claw 16. Tarsal and claw digi- tules quite long', slender and knobbed. Cau- dal tubercles quite large, 40 long, 28 broad at the base, each hearing one long bristle 120 long, and three short stout spines 16 long. The marginal spines a little curved and point bacls-wards, these are 12 long. The space between each being 20. All the measure-
snents are in n~icro~nillimctcrs. I-lab. - Lawrence, Mass., on scrub oak. @errits
ilicifolia, July 28, 1898. It is very di~tinct from all other American Kermes, and the
smallest yet found. Its nearest ally is evi- dently Xmes ceriferus Ehrh. but is easily separEUccl from LhnL species, by its lunch smaller size of the $ scale, The young
larva also differ very materially from K. cer- +rns and cannot be confounded with K.
zlgrofinctatns which is large and pule och- reous, will) minute black spots and a median longii.iidina1 depressed line. It is nothing like K. -peititi Eln-11. whicli is a very com- mon species in Massachusetts. This species is named after Mr. A. F. Perry for his many kind favors sliown me in my laboratory
work.
THE LARVAE.
All of our young larva
of Kennes seem to bc oval or elliptical
in shape ; and all very similar structur- ally, excepting K. pubescens, described
below. They have well developed
caudal tubercles, with one very long
setae, and usually three stout spines,
excepting in K. bogtiei, which has the
long setae and only one spine, and K.
gilleftti, which has the long setae and
two spines. The antennae are all six
jointed, and very similar in detail, with the third joint longest, except in K.
cty-@rits and K. @~5tscms, where the
sixth joint is a little the longest. For convenience, I give here the antenna1
formulais of those not included in the
table below. K. giilettei (36)~ (45);
K. boguei, 3 6 (2 I) 45 ; K. cockereJH,
36 (I 2) 45 ; K r~~~ropunctatrts, 3 6 (45) 2 : K. ceriferus (63) (12) (45); and K OILS- iini, 36 (25) (4 I). The following" tables or measurements are in n~icromilli~neters. Other Characters.
Color Length
Dark brown 480
French yellow 420
Same 420
Light yellow 360
Reddish brown 3611
Dark yellow 360
Same 412
Breadth Tubercle setae
260 ZTZ
236 zoo
19% 132
zoo 76
68 1x0
i60 120
240 120
Tubercle spines Marginal spines
7., 12
20 20
.* 8
20 72
24 16
a8 28
i6 cz




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July, 1900.1 PS YCYXE. 83
Figures of Kerwes ifiibescens and K.
somewhat in color and in the measure-
kifigii are given to show the relative dif- ments of their antenna1 segments, legs,
ferences there are in the larva stages of etc.
It is quite clear, as Mr. Pergande
the northeastern species at least, and so pointed out to Prof. Cockerell, that the Yonng larva of K. kinyn Ckll.
far as described they represent all yet
found in North America. K. fubescens
seems to differ from all the other forms and resemble much the gcnus Eriococms,
especially so in the shape of its spines ; it looks much like Eriococcus eucalypti
Mask. : puh~cens has' six rows, while
eitca/)~å´ptz. body is thickly covered, pubes- cens caudal tubercles arc very small,