P. A. Adams.
Status of the Genera Ungla and Mallada Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).
Psyche 82:167-173, 1975.

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STATUS OF THE GENERA
UNGLA AND MALLADA NAVAS*
(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)
BY PHILLIP A, ADAMS
Department of Biological Science
California State University
Fullerton, California 92634
This paper is the first in a series treating results of an examina- tion of Navh material in several museums, and deals with two genera whose status has been problematical. One of these proves to be a striking example of a composite specimen, or "humbug". A recent trend in chrysopid systematics is toward division of the genus Chrysopa, based primarily upon characters of the male geni- talia. It appears that despite conservatism in wing and body characters, the genitalic structures exhibit considerable divergence. Furthermore, non-genitalic characters are by no means absent; for example, I estimate that at least 80% of the species of Suarius can be assigned to that genus on the basis of these characters, as discussed below. A problem arises from the plasticity of the genifalic struc- tures. The principal generic criterion is the particular combination of tignum, gonosaccus, pseudopenis, or gonapsis present (plus what- ever venational and female genitalic characters may be available). Any of these structures 'appears subject to reduction or loss by species within a taxon, with consequent high probability of erroneous as- signment. Until a better understanding of evolutionary trends is achieved and additional characters are found, a period of nomen- clatorial instability is to be expected. In my view, the inconvenience
and confusion thus inevitably generated is amply justified by the pressing need to subdivide the genus Chrysopa, in which most species reside, into workably small fragments.
I am grateful to the following for their kind help: J. Bastero, Colegio del Salvador, Zaragoza; S. Courtoy, Sociitc! scientifique, Brussels; F. Espafiol, Museo de Zoologia, Barcelona; W. Gunther, Berlin Museum; S. Kelner-Pillault, Paris Museum; J. Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard; P. E. S. Whalley, British Museum (Natural History). I am also grateful to the California State University, Fullerton Foundation, for financial assistance.
*Manuscript received by the editor August 12, 1975



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Genus Suarius Navis 19 14a, : 73
dngla Navis 1914b: 224. New synonymy (subjective) ; type species, U. annulata Navis (by original designation). Suarius is regarded as a distinct genus by Holzel, 1970. Fre-
quently species can be assigned here without reference to genitalic structures, on the basis of some combination of a series of riather variable characters: short pronotum with arcuate anterior margin, tarsal claws with a very wide notch and small basal expansion, short body and wing setae, coloration often predominately brownish, blackish, or yellowish, costal margin often narrow. Usually the zig-zagging of veins comprising pseudomedia not strong, so that 2 or 3 sections of psm consist oif crossveins and the apical pseudo- medial veins (apparent crossveins) are strongly inclined (Fig. IA). Basal inner gradate crossvein ends on psm in the hind wing as least, in nearly all New World species. Frequently, enough of these characters 'are present to result in a distinctive habitus, reminiscent of a Pimachrysa or small Nodita.
The male genitalia consist of gonarcus, with mediuncus (=arces- sus) , gonocoxi tes ( ~entoprocessi ) , frequently with gonosetae and gonocristae, never with gonapsis or tignum; eighth and ninth ster- nites fused, microtholi occasionally present. The condition of media and generalized male genitalia preclude derivation of this genus from Chrysopa s. str. or Mallada.
Ungia was based upon U. annulata Naviis, known from ia single specimen, and distinguished by its unusual foreleg. Navis states (translation mine), "The peculiar form of the anterior leg with long and thin tibia1 spurs and claws, ,a thing which is not seen in any other genus of chrysopids; the same with the elongate tarsus, is characteristic of this new genus". N. Banks' card file (unpublished) contains a note which succinctly expresses the suspicion long shared by me and others: "leg of a myrmeleontid". The type specimen indeed proves to be a Suarius argentinus with ia single grotesquely oversized myrmeleontid leg loosely clasped among its own, un- doubtedly acquired during the final struggle in the killing bottle. As the genus Ungla was based upon the composite nature of the unique specimen of the type species, the name must be rejected under the provisions of Article I of the International Code. Furthermore, Suarius was published earlier and has priority. According to C. Courtoy (pers. comm.) the number of
the "Ann*ales de la Soci6t6
scientifique de Bruxelles" containing the description of Suarius was published either in December 1913 or January 1914; the entire



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19751 Adams - Ungla and Mallada 169
volume was published prior to August 1914. Ungia was not pub- lished until October I 9 I 4.
This common species proves to have several synonyms: Suarius argentinus ( Naviis) I 9 I I, new combination Figure I
Hypochrysa argentina Navis 1911: 267, "Chaco de Santiago del Estero, Bords du Rio Salado, Env. d' Icaiio, E.-R. Wagner 1903, September. Hypochrysa argentina Nav." Tjeder's lectotype label is also present. Female, in Paris Museum (examined).
Synonyms :
Chrysopa argentma, Tjeder 1971 : 112 (lectotype designation, re- description).
Ungla annulata Navis l914b : 224. New synonymy. "Huasan (R.A.), 11-1912, Ungla annulata Nav., Navis S. J. det., Typus." Female, in NavAs collection, Colegio del Salvador, Zaragoza, Spain (ex- amined).
Chrysopa graciana Navis 1919: 301, 1927: 21. New provisonal synonymy. "Alta Gracia, 11-918, Bruch, C. lanata v, gracima." Male, in the Museum de la Plata, Buenos Aires (seen). Although
careful examination of the type was not possible, two females in the Paris Museum identified by Navhs, and from the same locality, are S. argentinus.
Head markings variable. Clypeus often black-bordered ; genlae with dark mark varying from brown dot to black extending from eye to mandibular articulation and anterior tentorial pit. A brown X-mark between antennae ; anterior forks of ten sep:arate or absent ; posterior portion bord'ers antennal fossae. Red-brown vertex stripes appear continuation of X mark posteriorly, but include hypodermal red. Dorsal antennal fossa with transverse punctate red-brown mark; may extend over entire spface, often absent. Scape with lateral brown stripe and dorsal mark, which may be apical spot or wide diffuse stripe which extends partially or entirely to base of scape, or is absent. Pedicel dark-annulate, flagellum pale or light brown. Palpi tan or bl,ack, pale at joints.
Male genitalia. Ectoprocts short (Fig. I B ) , broad, rounded, without apodeme hinged on 8 + 9 sternite. Apex of sternite 8 + 9 rounded, about half as wide as base of sternite 8, with normal setae at posterior margin ; no microtholi. Gonarcus (Fig. IC,D) broadly arcuate, with 1;ateral blunt spinose entoprocessus; mediuncus lightly sclerotized, with blunt tip. Gonosaccus double, with stout, pale, hollow setae. Gonocristae absent.




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170 Psyche
Figure 1. Suarius argentinus. A. Wing venation, showing portions of pseudomedia consisting of crossveins (arrows) and inner gradate series ending on a branch of Rs in the forewing, on psm in the hindwing. Cross- veins in discal area of wing indicited by dots; overlap of veins forming psrn shown by double lines. Male genitalia: B, apex of abdomen, lateral; G, gonarcus and mediuncus, dorsal, gonosaccus everted; D, same, lateral; E, hypandriun internum.
Abbreviations : bgc - basal gradate cell, CuA - cubitus anterior, ect - ectoproct, ent - entoprocessus, ig - inner gradate crossvein, gs - gonarcus, gsac - gonosaccus,
MA - media anterior, MP - media posterior, mu - mediuncus, 0.g. - outer (gradate crossveins, 10s - tenth sternite.



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19751 Adams - Ungla and Mallada 171
Female genitalia (see Tjeder, I 97 I ) . Seminal bursa small, open- ing ventrally directly into the spermatheca; bursa1 glands slender, dorsal.
This species is recognizable by the heavy wing veins, alternately black and white, conspicuous crossveins beneath stigma, and head markings. The short ectoprocts, without hinge, are unusual, but also occur in S. sparnosus (Tjeder) from Africa, S. confraternus (Banks) 1913 n. comb. (Chrysopa), from Argentina, and several undescribed species. The type of U. annulata differs slightly from that of S. argentinus in having the stigmas opaque pale yellow (probably an artifact of preservation) and having an irregular longitudinal dark stripe in the dorsal antenn:al fossa. C. venulosa
Navis 1918 and C. nervulosa Navis 1924 are probably S. argen- tinus; I have not seen the types.
Material examined - the following are in my collection: R. Argentina, Santiago del Estero: Choya, 0ct.-Nov. 1961, 13 fem'ales, 3 males; Fernandez, Feb. 1957, 11 females, 2 males; El Pinto, Dec. 1956, 2 females. La Rioja: Patquia, 6oom., Dec. 1957, I female, 2 males.
Genus Mallada Naviis 1925 :24
Mallada
basalis is conspicuously dimorphic sexually, the males having heavy elongate stigmas, and Sc and Rs fused in the hindwing. These features were noted by Navis, who based his genus Mallada upon the thickening of the stigmas. The type species of Mallada, by original designation, M. stigmatus, is a synonym of M. basalis. The type species of Anisochrysa, A. paradloxa, was also synonymized with M. basalis by Adams (1959: 25). Anisochrysa is therefore a junior objective synonym of Mallada.
Most species of Mallada can tentatively be assigned by venational characters. The inner gradate series in larger species with numerous veins extends basad parallel to psm, hence does not converge on psm, and the basal inner gradate crossvein does not end on psm, but on a branch of Rs, resulting in 'a y-formation. A similar configuration, as shown in Fig. IA, forewing, occurs also in other genera such as Suarius, but is rare in Chrysopeda and Chrysopa, s. str. Psm in Mallada only very infrequently includes a crossvein (the only ex- ample of which I am aware is M. venosell.us (Tjeder 1966, Fig. 1643)~ but commonly includes I to 3 crossveins in Suarius. Mallada, named after the Spanish naturalist, D. Lucas Mallada, is masculine, necessitating changes in many terminations. It con-



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172 Psyche [June
tains numerous Old World species (Tjeder, I 966, Holzel, I 970) but is not so important in the New World, where it is represented in North America by M. perfectus (Banks, 1895), (Chrysopa), n. comb., M. luctuosus (Banks, 191 I ), (Chr~sopa), n. comb., and two undescribed species.
NavAs referred M. stigmatus, delmasinus and verticalis to this genus. Their synonymy follows.
Mallada basalis (Walker), new combination Chrysopa basalis Walker 1853: 239.
Synonyms :
Anisochrysa paradoxa Nakahara 1955 : 145 ; Adams 1959 :25. Mallada stigmatus NavAs 1925:24; Banks 1937:285. New synonymy. Type: "Formosa, Taihorin, 111-10. H. Sauter S.G. Mallada stig- matus Nav., P. Navhs S.J. det., Type." Male, Berlin Museum (ex- amined).
Mallada delmasinus NavAs 1935 :57 ; Esben-Petersen 1937: 57. New synonymy. Type: "Museum Paris, lies Marquises, P. Simeon Delmas 1924, Mallada delmasinus Nav., NavAs S.J. det., Type", male. Eleven additional specimens with the same data in Paris Museum (ex- amined).
It is interesting that in 1927 Navis noted the sexual dimorphism in describing C. delmasi (female) and C. delmasi var. densata (male) from precisely the same locality and collector as material of M. delmasinus; the former species was synonymized with M. basalis by Esben-Petersen in 1937.
Another new synonym of M. basalis is C. jolyana NavAs 1910: 194. The type, in the Paris Museum, is labeled "Port Sandwich, Nouv-Hebrides, lie Mailicols, Dr. Joly 1903"; "Chrysopa jolyana Nav. (in NavAs' hand)". It is a teneral female; the specimen I described ( Adams I 959 :27 ) is male, with the incompletely developed sclerotization of the genitalia typical of teneral specimens. Suarius figuralis ( Banks), new combina,ti,on Chrysofa figuralis Banks 1915: 626. Type: "Chosica, Peru 2800'. 10-VI, Parish, col." Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, Type 11984. male (examined). Synonym :
Mallada verticalis NavAs 1929: 19. New synonymy. Type: "Museum Paris, Perou Merid., Arequipa, Dr. E. Escomel 1922, Mallada werticali~ Nav., P. Navhs S. J. det., type" (examined). A single faded and wrinkled female, probably from alcohol, appears the same as the relatively common S. figuralis. Probably the specimen was assigned to Mallada because the stigma has been rendered opaque by preservation.




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REFERENCES CITED
ADAMS, P.
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1937. Neuropteroid insects from Formosa. Philippine J. Sci. 62: 255- 291, pi. 1-3.
ESBEN-PETERSEN, P.
1937. Check list of Neuroptera Planipennia of Oceania. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Occasional Papers 13: 49-60. HOLZEL, H.
1970. Zur generischen Klassifikation per palaarktischen Chrysopinae. Eine neue Gattung und zwei neue Untergattungen der Chrysopi- dae (Planipennia). Zeitschr. der Arbeitsgemeinschaft 0sterr. Entomologen 22 : 43-52.
NAKAHARA, W.
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Neuropteros exoticos. 2a Serie. Memories de 1'Acadkmia de Cikncies i Arts de Barcelona (3) 25: 37-59. TJEDER, B.
1971. Redescriptions and lectotype designations of some exotic Chrys- opidae [Neur.]. Ent. Scand. 2: 110-118.




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