Article beginning on page 485.
Psyche 6:485-486, 1891.

Full text (searchable PDF)
Durable link: http://psyche.entclub.org/6/6-485.html

The following unprocessed text is extracted from the PDF file, and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors. Please consult the PDF file for the complete article.

Pqehe, 1893, VoL. 6. Plate 1
LlTWTYPE PHIhTING Cot, It1 NAmU ST., N. V. AFRICAN SOMBYCIDS (Redueedg).




================================================================================

Psyche, 1893, Vol. 6.
Plate 18.
AFRICAN BOMB YCIDS (Reduced ^).




================================================================================

PSYCHE.
THE PRIMITIVE NUMBER OF MALPIGHIAN VESSELS IN INSECTS.- 11.
BY WILLIAM MORTON WHEELER, PH.D.7 CHICAGO, ILL. APTERYGOTA. In searching for the
ancestral conditions of the Malpighian
vessels it is natural to turn first to this group. The few data are, however,
very unsatisfactory on account of the
wide differences between the statements
of authors. As an example we may
take Lepisma. According to Ram-
dohr* this insect has two Malpighian
vessels ; according to Treviranus, +
Rovelli,$ Gegenbaurå and v. Siebold, 11
four ; according to Leuckart,^f six ; ac- cording to Schindler,** eight. Fernald
saysff that he was unable to ascertain
-
*Abhandlung ueber die verdauungs werkzeuge der insecten. Halle, 181 I.
f Vermichte schriften Bd. ii heft. I, p. 15. Gottingen, 1816.
+Alcune richerche sul tub0 digerente degli atteri, ortotteri e pseudo-neurotteri. Como., 1884. $ Grundriss, etc., 1874, p. 292.
11 Anatomie d. wirbellosen, p. 625.
V Frey u. Leuckart, Anatomie u. physiologie d. wir- bellosen, p. 102.
** Beitrage zur kenntniss der Malpighi'schen gefasse der insecten.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. 2001. Bd. 30, 1878, p. 602.
+f The relationships of arthropods. Studies biol. lab. the number, but feels certain that there are at least four.
In Machilis Grassi* found twelve
Malpighian vessels, uniting in pairs and hence "on peut les considerer comme
&ant au nombre de six." But Oude-
manns,? who has studied the anatomy
of Machilis very carefully, finds twenty vessels, uniting in pairs and opening by means of ten apertures at the junction
of the mid and hind-guts.
Campodea has about 16 Malpighian
vessels according to Grassi. :]: These
organs were seen by Oudemannså but
he failed to ascertain their exact
number.
According to Grassili both Nicoletia
and Lepismina have six Malpighian
vessels, opening separately into the hind- gut.
*Les ancgtres des myriapodes et des insectes, tome xi, 1889, p. 310.
t Bijdrage tot de kennis der Thysanura en Collem- bola, Amsterdam, 1887, p. 66.
+loco citato, p. 310.
Johns Hopkins univ. vol. iv, no. 7, 1890, p. 464. 1 . c. p. 311.




================================================================================

486 PSYCHE. [July 1893-
Haliday,* Meinertt and Grassif agree
in stating that Malpighian vessels are
absent in Iapyx.
Opinions are divided as to the occur-
rence of Malpighian vessels in the Col-
lembola. Nicolet 5 thought he saw
three pairs in Podurids and figures
them in Podwa similata. Frey and
Leuckartll and v. Sieboldy also men-
tion six as the number in Podurids.
DeOlfers** saw only four in the Col-
lem bola.
On the other hand, Laboulbeneff and
Fernaldf 1 find no trace of Malpighian
vessels in Anurida mitima, Schin-
dler$$ failed to find them in Podura
ayborea, and Lubbock11 ]I had no better
success with OrcheseZla fastuosa (a
species in which they were figured by
von Olfers) , Tomoceyus $umbeus,
S~zynthurus and other species. Tull-
berg'sm results are also negative.
--
*Japyx,
a new genus of insects belonging to the
stirps Thysanura in the order of Neuroptera. Trans. Linn. soc. vol. xxiv, 1864, p. 444.
f On the Carnpodeae, a family of Thysanura. Ann.
mag. nat. hist. vol. xx (3) 1867, p. 372. t 1. C. p. 310.
Recherches pour servir 2 l'histoire des Podurelles. Nouv. mem. soc. helvet. d. sci. natur. 1841, p. 47 (pi. iv, fig. 2).
1. C. p. 102.
TT 1. c. p. 625.
** Annotationes ad anatomiam Podurarum. Diss. inaug. Berolini., 1862, p. 16.
ft Recherches sur 1'Anurida maritima. Ann. soc. ent. France. 4'ser. tome iv, 1864, p. 715. $1 1. c. p. 468.
5s 1. c. p. 602.
monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. Ray soc. London, 1873, p. 75.
TTTISveriges Podurider. Kongl. svenska vetensk. akad. Handlngar. bd. 10, no. 10, 1872, p. 22.
The majority of recent writers, among
whom Oudemanns deserves special
mention, are of the opinion that the
Collembola have no Malpighian vessels.
It is clear that no phylogenetic con-
clusions of any value can be drawn from
the heterogeneous observations here
given. After making all due allowance
for errors of observation, it is safe
to say that the Malpighian vessels
of the Apterygota are in a state of what Baron v. Osten Sacken calls "morpho-
logical restlessness." The amplitude of
variation within the group is very great, extending from twenty vessels in Machi-
Us to none in Anurida and allied forms.
There are grounds for believing that
this variation is not a precursor of ad- vancing development, but rather an ex-
pression of degeneration. Other organs
-such as the eyes, tracheae, sexual
organs-show a similar great range of
structural variation and stamp the Ap-
terygota as a group which has well nigh
run its course in Hexapod evolution.
DERMAPTERA. In ForficuIa awicu-
laria according to Ramdohr,* there are
twenty Malpighian vessels, inserted in
clusters of five on four protuberances of the chylific gut. In the same species
Schindleq found the number of vessels
to be greater than 30, and their inser-
tions, if I understand him correctly, to encircle the gut regularly.




================================================================================