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Psyche 6:241-245, 1891.

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FSYOHK.
AMERICAN PHYTOJPTOCECIDII.
BY H. GARMAN,
I. On the leaves of Nyssa mul'tz'ftora.
A nodular growth of the leaf substance,
forming small, rounded prominences on
both upper and under surfaces. Above,
the cecidii are often lobed and with
linear impressions. A three-lobed form
with triradiate impression is common.
On the under side, the surface of the
galls is not impressed, and the shape is more conical, the round or slightly
elongated opening being at the apex.
They are scattered irregularly over the
leaf, and may be very thickly placed.
On fully grown leaves cecidii measure
from I mm. to 2 mm. in diameter, and
are about I mm. in height on both sides
of the leaf, the projection above and
below being about equal. On younger
leaves cecidii often measure as little as 0.5 mm. in diameter. The walls are
thickened, and send into the cavity large processes and ridges which occupy
much of the space. There are no hairs
inside or out.
This deformation was first collected
in Virginia in the spring of 1882. Sub-
sequently it was found in various locali- ties in southern Illinois, and has recently been observed in Kentucky. It some-
times occurs on the same leaves as the
next, but thus far has proved most
abundant when not so associated.
LEXINGTON, KY
2. On the leaves of Nyssa mulizyora.
This is a narrow upward and inward fold
of the margin of the leaf, and measures
from 0.5 mm. to I mmindiameter. In
dried specimens the color is dark brown. The leaf where folded is thickened, but
is not otherwise greatly changed. The
length of folds varies greatly, sometimes being only a few millimeters long, and
again including the whole of the leaf
margin. The fold ultimately causes the
leaf to become scalloped, the scallops
measuring from about 2.5 rnm. to 3
mm. in length.
This cecidium has been collected in
Virginia, Illinois, and Kentucky. Phy-
topti from both of the preceding growths have been examined. As far as I know
neither form of cecidium has been
hitherto described.
3. On the leaves and petioles of
Potentilla canadensis. This consists
of whitish tufts of unicellular hairs, the tufts measuring when isolated and well
grown about 0.5 mm. in diameter.
The hairs themselves measure about
0.5 mm. in length, and large ones have
a diameter at the base of about 0.02 mm. They taper regularly to a point, and
under the microscope have the appear-
ance of a tuft of grass blades. The
tufts are often so numerous and so closely



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PSYCHE.
[April 1892.-
placed as to cover much of the leaf sur- face. They develop on both surfaces
but in the specimens examined are
rather more common on the upper side.
This was collected at Blue Ridge,
Virginia, July 22, 1891, by Professor
A. B. Seymour.
4.
On the leaves of Acer sficatum.
Small felt-like patches of a whitish or
pale yellow color scattered over the
under side of the leaf. Growths on
leaves before me measure from 1.5 mm.
to 3 mm. in diameter. The growths
consist of rather long, tangled and dis- torted hairs, being quite different from anything else described in this paper.
The examples examined are probably
all young. Some of the older ones are
slightly brown rather than yellow, and
probably when aged would have been
decidedly brown in color.
Temple, N. H., June 18, 1888,
(from Prof. A. B. Seymour).
5. On the leaves of Acer glabrum
An Erineum forming large patches
chiefly at the tips of the lobes and on
the upper side of the leaf. Growing
upon the veins as well as elsewhere.
On some young leaves before me, thickly
sprinkled also over the under surface.
This is the handsomest Erineum exam-
ined by me. The younger parts of
growths are bright purple in color;
older parts of growths become of a very
dark purple. The deformed hairs are
rather large, and are provided with long stalks. The color, manner of growth,
and character of the deformed hairs will serve to distinguish this El-ineum from
the livid growth (No. 8) which appears
on the upper surface of leaves of A.
saccharinum .
Glenwood Springs, Col., (collected1
by R. E. Blount; communicated by
Prof. A. B. Seymour).
6.
On the leaves of Acer sacchari-
num. A slender fusiform gall which
projects from the upper surface of the
leaf. Walls thin, and smooth inside
and out. Length about 4.5 mm. ,-
greatest diameter I mm. Opening as
usual on the under side of the leaf.
Central Illinois, common ; Temple,
N. H., (from Prof. A. B. Seymour).
7.
On the leaves of Acer sacchari-
num. An Erineum forming patches
along veins on the under side of the
leaf. The patches are made up of great
numbers of minute mushroom-shaped
hairs with very short pedicels ; some-
times nearly sessile. The hairs and the
patches which they form resemble those
occurring on the under side of the leaves of A. dasycaqum, but the hairs on the
latter, a5 far as examined, were pro-
vided with longer stalks, and were not
so much inflated at the extremity. The
patches in A. saccha?4zunz, too, show
a tendency to develop along the main
ribs, whereas in A. dasycaQum they
are more scattered, often occurring
singly at the tips of lobes. They may
notwithstanding these differences prove
to be caused by the attacks of one and
the same mite. All of the examples
which I have seen were rather old and
were of a deep brown color, in one case
almost black. Individual patches meas-
ure as much as 10 mm. in diame-
ter.




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April 1892.1
Urbana, Ill., common ; Lexington,
Ky., (received from Prof. W. B. Stark
and also collected by myself).
8.
On the leaves of Acer sacchari-
num.
A fine Erineum forming patches
of a livid color between the veins on
the upper surface.
The growths show
a tendency to avoid the veins. They
may be isolated in patches 2.5 mm. to
4 mm. in diameter and of very irregular
shape, or they may where common
combine and then occasionally occupy
much of the surface. On badly infested
trees scant growths sometimes appear
on the under side of the leaves. The
color of most of the dried specimens
seen is livid. In very young growths
but little of this color is apparent, these being mainly pale brown when dried,
probably whitish when fresh ; but some
trace of the livid color can be made out in most young growths.
A few of the
growths seen were more nearly flesh
color than livid.
A variety of this Erineum occurs in
which the livid color is almost absent,
the dried specimens being of a pale
brown color in the largest and oldest
growths. Even in this variety, how-
ever, close examination with a magnifier shows faint traces of the blue color.
In manner of growth the two are alike.
The hairs are capitate, with short
stalks, and excepting for their manner
of growth and color, are not very differ- ent from those forming the brown
patches on the under side of leaves.
Fort Mackinac, Mich., (from Prof.
Wm. Trelease) ; Temple, N. H., (from
Prof. A. B. Seymour).
9.
On the leaves of Acer dasycar-
$urn.
This cecidium is a pouch-shaped
gall which develops on the upper side
of the leaves. The mite which inhabits
it was many years ago described under
the name Vasates quadripes, but is a
true Phytoptus. The deformations were
described by the present writer in the
12th Report of the Illinois State Ento-
mologist (p. 13';) as follows: " The
form varies to some extent, some of the
galls being discoid, or more or less
spherical, while occasionally two galls
have a common neck and opening. At
first the color of the galls is like that of the unfolding leaf, dull purple or green ; later they assume the light green color
of the veins and veinlets ; and still later change in many cases to purplish.
Toward the end of summer they dry up
and become black. The outer surface
is smooth, but the walls are broadly and irregularly impressed making a very
uneven outline. On the under side of
the leaf the position of the gall is usually indicated by an in~pression with a tuft
of white hairs in the center, which tuft covers the opening into the gall. Occa-
sionally the opening and tuft are borne
upon a slight elevation. The height of
one of the largest galls seen, measured
from the upper surface of the leaf, was
0. I inch ; its diameter was 0.13 inch." This is one of the most abundant of
the mite galls in the Middle states. I
have received from both Professors Sey-
mour and Trelease specimens collected
at Madison, Wisconsin. It is abundant
throughout Illinois and Kentucky.
10.
On the leaves of Acer dasycar-




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244 pks' rCh"i5'. [April 1892-
$ma.
An Erineum consisting of large
patches of closely matted capitate hairs growing on the under side of the leaf.
Patches generally elongated, from a ten- dency of the growths not to cross vein-
lets. Well defined, and varying from
about 5 mm. to 10 mm. in diameter.
When abundant several patches may
unite, thus forming more extended ones.
Leaves often bear a single patch. Some-
times occurring on leaves bearing also
the pouch-shaped galls. Color pale
yellowish at first, gradually changing to brown with age, at the last deep brown
in color. This is probably the same as
No. 26 of Dr. H. Hagen's list (Cana-
dian entomologist, v. 17, p. 24), col-
lected at Shelburne, N. H., by Prof.
W. G. Farlow.
Urbana, Ill., not common ; Cam-
bridge, Mass. and Ithaca, Wis., (from
Prof. Win. Trelease) ; Madison, Wis.,
(from Prof. A. B. Seymour).
I I.
On the leaves of Acer rubrum.
An Erineum forming elongated whitish
or brown patches on the veins of the up- per side of the leaf. This peculiarity of growing on the veins distinguishes this
from any growth of the kind I have
seen. Several others appear to avoid the veins even when covering most of the
surface. The largest growths on leaves
before me measure 11 mm. in length by
about 4 1nm. in diameter. The color va-
ries from whitish in the younger growths through shades of pale yellow to brown.
The hairs are mushroom-shaped, as in
other similar growths. The only ex-
amples seen are from Temple, N. H.,
and were sent me by Prof. Seymour.
12.
On the leaves of Acer rubrum.
An Erine~im growing in large patches
scattered on the under side of the leaf. I11 color, manner of growth and char-
acter of the hairs it appears to be the
same as No. 9 described as occurring
on Acer dasycar$um. I have exam-
ined a single leaf bearing this deforma- tion received from Prof. Wm. Trelease
and collected at Wood's Holl, Mass.
13.
On the leaves of Acer rubrum.
This is a gall which does not differ in
any important degree from the galls
described as growing on the upper sur-
face of the leaves of A. dasyca~um.
I assume that it is made by the same
Phytoptus, but have had no opportunity
to make comparisons. It is moderately
common in western Kentucky, and ap-
pears to be also common in the New
England and other Eastern states. I
take it that Dr. Hagen's Numbers zry
22 and 23 (loc. cit.) are the same
gi-owth.
14.
On the leaves of Betula @$y-
rtfera. A profusely growing Erineurn
forming extensive patches between the
large veins diverging from the midrib
on the under side of the leaf. The
growths sometimes occupy the whole
of the space between two veins. The
color varies from whitish in the younger growths to pale brown in the older ones. The stalks of the capitate hairs are
rather long.
Temple, N. H., (from Prof, A. B.
Seymour) .
I 5.
On the leaves of BetuZa My-
rifera. A small nodular gall which
projects from both upper and under sur-




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April 1892.1
faces of the leaf.
Clothed with a fine
whitish, silken pubescence. Scattered
somewhat irregularly, but with a ten-
dency to be most abundant near the
margin. The diameter of large exam-
ples is about I mm. ; the depth is soine- what less in the dried and pressed
examples. It is sometimes associated
with the Erineum just described.
The
color of the upper part of the gall is in the dried specimens dull purple. Be-
neath, the color appears to have been
like that of the under side of the leaf. Temple, N. H., (from Prof. A. B.
Seymour).
16. On the leaves of Betula $ojkuZi-
folia. This consists of bright, rust-
colored growths of,deformed hairs in
hollows on the under side of the leaf.
The corresponding convexity showing
on the upper side is devoid of hairs, but is often of a yellowish color. The
growths when isolated frequently have
a circular outline and are from 2 mm.
to 3 mm. in diameter. Large growths
become elongated and may measure as
much as 10 mm. in length, then occu-
pying much of the space between two
of the veins which diverge from the
midrib. The nunibel- of growths on a
single leaf varies in seventeen leaves
before me from one to fourteen. In
three of the seventeen there are imper-
fect growths on the upper side of the
leaf. The hairs of the growth are capi-
tate.
Temple, N. H., (from Prof. A. B.
Seymour) .
I 7. On the leaves of Betula (lenta ?) . A profusely growing Erineum at first
forming straggling patches and lines on
and along the veins on the upper sur-
face of the leaf. Where abundant
eventually forming continuous bands
upon the veins which diverge from the
midrib. The growths very rarely origi-
nate away, from the veins on the upper
surface, but imperfect growths appear
sometimes on the under side, here be-
tween the veins, suggesting that it is
the structure of the surface, which in-
fluences the disposition of the growths. The color of very young growths is
whitish ; on older leaves it is brown,
while on several of the largest leaves
examined there is an indication of purple on some parts of the bands. Hairs capi-
tate, stalks rather long.
Described from specimens sent me
from Temple, N. H., by Prof. A. B.
Seymour. From the character of the
leaves and the bark accompanying them
I judge the species to be B. lenta.
18. On the leaves of Juglms cin-
erea. A button-shaped gall on the
upper side of the leaf. The galls are
green in color, sometimes a trifle lighter in shade than the leaf. They vary from
2 mm. to 3 mm. in diameter, and are
about a mm. in height; the base is
sometimes a trifle constricted. Beneath, the galls are open for almost the entire width, but the opening is occupied by
a dense growth of whitish 01- brownish
contorted hairs. On fifty-one leaves
before me the number of galls on a
single leaf varies from one to eighteen. Occasional galls occur with the opening
on the upper side.
The Phytopti are
abundant in examples collected Aug. 15,




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246 f'6' 2'TH2%. [April 1892.
Jessamine Co., Ky., frequent.
I 9.
On the leaves of Fagus ferru-
ghea. An Erineum which grows on
the upper side of the leaf where it fol- lows the veins, forming bands or elon-
gated patches of a brown color.
When
young, apparently of a whitish
color.
When abundant, causing the leaf to turn
brown so that the position of growths
can be recognized
by examining the
under side.
Sometimes forming a close
velvety covering on the upper surface.
Never, as far as examined, very dark in
color. Sometimes associated with the
next, of which it may be a variety.
Hairs capitate.
Temple, N. H., (from Prof. A. B.
Seymour) ; Ft. Mackinac, Mich., (from
Prof. Wm. Trelease) .
20. On the leaves of Fagus few-
ginea. An Erineum forming very dark
ifcrown patches on the under side of the leaf, between the veins. Patches vary-
ing in shape and extent, frequently elon- gated, sometimes forming a continuous
iband between veins. Color of all the
specimens seen dark brown, but prob-
ably lighter when young. When occur-
ring on the same leaf as the preceding,
"NOTES. - The Massachusetts legislature
has granted another $75,000 to stamp out the gypsy moth.
The attention of entomologists should be drawn to an interesting paper by Mr. L. 0. Howard on the biology of the Chalcididae which appears in the current Proceedings of the U. S. national museum. A mass of details concerning insect-parasitism is there brought together in a highly instructive manner
which merits at least the perusal of every and so presumably of the same age,
always the darker in color. Hairs cap-
itate, with rather long stalks, not notice- ably different from hairs on the upper
surface of a leaf received from Prof.
Trelease, but with longer stalks than
those from the upper side of leaves from Temple, N. H.
The growth is extremely common in