J. C. Bequaert and Santiago Renjifo-Salcedo.
The Tabanidæ of Colombia (Diptera).
Psyche 53:52-88, 1946.

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5 2 Psyche
THE TABANIDE OF COLOMBIA (DIPTERA)
BY JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. and
SANTIAGO REN JIFO-SALCEDO
Villavicencio, Colombia
The tabanid fauna of Colombia is rich and extremely varied. In the northwestern part it resembles that of the Republic of Panama, which is now well known through G. B. Fairchild's prolonged investigations. In the northeastern areas it is similar to that of the adjoining districts of Venezuela, a fauna which has recently been listed by A. Stone (1945). The fauna of the southwestern highlands has affinities with that of Ecuador. Finally many of the species of the great Amazonian rain forest extend into the southeastern territories. At present, however, this vast country has been little investi- gated entomologically. Our preliminary list of definitely re- corded species will probably be more than doubled by future discoveries. Indeed, our only purpose in publishing it is to incite to further collecting. The earliest records of Colombian tabanids by Macquart (1846 to 1855) were indefinite as to locality and some of his species are at present unrecognized. Schiner (1868), v. Roder (1886), and Ricardo (1902) added a few species. In recent years, Enderlein (1925), Szilhdy (1926), Dunn (1929), Krober (1925 to 1940), and Antunes (1937) made more impor- tant additions,
The present enumeration includes all species recorded thus far from Colombia; but we have clearly indicated which of these we have not seene2 The asterisk, on the other hand, indicates the species of which we have studied specimens taken in Co- lombia. Material was seen from the Museum of Comparative IPublished with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard College.
'Entomologists should be warned not to trust always the locality record 'Bogota" so common in the literature. Often it means merely that the specimens were shipped from Bogota to Europe, although they may have been collected in some other section of Colombia.
Psiffte 5352-88 (1946). hup ltpsychu rinclub orgtS3153-052 html



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19461 Tabanidae of Colombia 55
Zoology, the United States National Museum (through Dr. A. Stone), the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (through Mr. E. T. Cresson, Jr.)) and the American Museum of Natural History (through Dr. C. H. Curran). Much of it was of our collecting; the remainder being obtained by J. V. Acufia, P. Allen, W. A. Archer, D. Augustine, M. Bates, J. Boshell M., M. A. Carriker, E. H. Chapin, H. Daniel, P. Dar- lington, J. H. Egbert, G. B. Fairchild, F. L. Gallego, A. Gast, C. C. Gowdey, B. Guevara AmOrtaqui, W. H. W. Komp, B. Losada S., W. M. Mann, E. and H. Osorno, F. Otoya, L. Patifio- Camargo, R6mulo Patifio, G. Salt, H. F. Schwarz, H. Viereck, and N. Weber. We are indebted to Dr. Graham Fairchild for many favors, particularly for assistance in the case of certain critical species. Some of the specimens here listed were included in his papers on the Panamanian fauna ( 1939 to 1943) ; others were mentioned in the senior author's publications on the Tabanidae of the Antilles and Trinidad (1940 to 1944). The localities are grouped into the major political divisions (Departments and Intendencias), which are enumerated in alphabetical sequence.
1. Hind tibiae with apical spurs. Subcosta always bare both above and below. Labella always with shiny ' sclerotized plates. Subepaulet bare, without macro- trichia. Subfamily Pangoniince ..................... 2. Hind tibiae without apical spurs. Subcosta generally hairy, at least with some hairs beneath. Subfamily Tabanince .......................................... 9. 2. First two antennal segments elongate, together often as long as or longer than third. Third antennal seg- ment consisting of a long basal part (which some- times shows superficial rings) and four terminal annuli. Proboscis short, seldom exceeding the height of the head. ................................. Chrysops. First two antennal segments short, seldom equalling together half the length of the third. Third antennal segment consisting of five to eight divisions. Pro- boscis often elongate. ............................... 3. 3. Third antennal segment consisting of a long basal part and four terminal annuli. Proboscis short. Wings



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54 Psyche [Sept.-Dec.
extensively blackish. Eyes bare. All posterior cells open .................................... Hemichrysops. Third antennal segment consisting of seven or eight ...
divisions ............................................ 4. 4. Eyes bare. Face not produced nor snout-like. Pro- boscis moderately long. First posterior cell closed. Fork of third longitudinal vein generally with an ..................................
appendix Esenbeckia.
Eyes hairy. Face more or less produced and snout-like. ..........................
Proboscis often very long. 5.
5. Third antennal segment of seven divisions, the first six bearing long finger-like processes. .................. 6.
Third antennal segment without finger-like processes . 7. 6. First divisions of third antennal segment bearing proc- esses only on the dorsal side; basal process longer than the others. .............................. Elaphella. First divisions of third antennal segment with, processes on both the dorsal and ventral sides; processes all about equally long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pityocera. 7. First and fourth posterior cells closed and petiolate. Wings often with dark markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scione. First posterior cell closed or narrowly open, the fourth always open. Wings hyaline or smoky, never with prominent markings ................................. 8. 8. Cox2 and femora slightly pilose or nearly bare ... .Fidena. Cox2 and femora densely covered with long hairs. .Melpia. 9. First antennal segment more or less elongate, not less than one-fourth of the length of the third segment. Subepaulet bare, without macrotrichia.
Body with-
out green metallic scales. ............................ 10. First antennal segment short, about as long as thick; if longer, the body bears some green metallic scales. Abdomen broad and short ........................... 1 1. - 10. Abdomen broad and short. Third antennal segment slender, never with a basal process or tooth, at most somewhat widened or slightly produced near the base ....................................... Diachlorus. Abdomen slender, narrow and long. Third antennal segment with or without a tooth or finger-shaped process near the base. ..................... Acanthocera. 11. First antennal segment greatly inflated. Palpi very



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Tubunidae of Colombia
slender. Subepaulet bare, without macrotrichia. Up- per branch of third vein turned abruptly forward, joining the costa closer to the second vein than to the wing apex. Face much swollen at insertion of ...................................
antennae Bolbodimyia.
........... First antenna1 segment not inflated, normal. 12.
12. Base of third antennal segment with a long, slender, usually finger-shaped process reaching close to or .............. even beyond the first terminal annulus. 13.
Base of third antennal segment with or without dorsal angle or with a broad tooth which extends at most ....
midway to the base of the first terminal annulus. 16.
13. Subepaulet completely covered with macrotrichia. Fore ................
tibiae not inflated. Eyes bare.
Alliomma.
Subepaulet either bare or rarely with a few macro- .......................
trichia over a small area only.
14.
14. Body very stout, often densely hairy. At least fore tibiae inflated, often strongly so; hind tibiae densely fringed ..................
with long hairs. Eyes bare.
Stibasoma.
Body not especially stout nor hairy. Tibiae not appre- ciably inflated, at most with a few scattered long .............................................. hairs 15.
15. Eyes pilose or pubescent in both sexes, the hairs some- times short, scattered and easily overlooked. La-
bella small and compact, without shiny, sclerotized .......................................
areas Dasychela.
Eyes bare in both sexes. Labella more or less sclerotized .................................
and shiny Dichelacera.
16. All tibise strongly inflated. ............................ 17. Tibiae normal. Palpi dull and hairy. ................... 19. 17. Palpi normal, dull, hairy. Subcallus dull, pollinose. Bas- al division of third antennal segment scarcely longer than terminal annuli, with a strong, broad tooth. Sub- epaulet covered with macrotrichia . Stigmatophthalmus. Palpi flattened, shiny, bare. Subcallus denuded, shiny 18. 18. Third antennal segment with basal division long and wide, nearly four times as long as terminal annuli, provided with a very short, broad tooth. Subepaulet covered with macrotrichia. Body without metallic green scales .................................. Selasoma. Third antennal segment with basal portion narrow, with- *




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Psyche [Sept.-Dec.
out tooth. Subepaulet bare, without macrotrichia. Body with some metallic green scales. ....... Lepiselaga. Subepaulet bare, without macrotrichia, rarely with a few macrotrichia either restricted to a small area or much more scattered than on the base of the costa. .. 20. Subepaulet wholly covered with appressed macrotrichia, like the base of the costa. Frontal callus present. Labella fleshy, without shiny, sclerotized areas. ..... 2 5. No frontal callus. Labella short, with sclerotized, smooth and shiny areas. Body green or greenish in life ..................................... Chlorotabanus. Frontal callus present. ................................. 2 1. Third antennal segment of four divisions (only three well-marked annuli). Frons very broad; callus trans- verse, swollen, narrower than frons. Vertex of female with a small shiny area. Face with two deep, shiny pits .................................... Brachytabanus. Third antennal segment of five divisions (four terminal annuli) ; if some are partly fused, either frontal cal- lus as wide as frons, or vertex of female without shiny area, or face without deep,'shiny pits. ............... 2.2. Eyes pilose or pubescent in both sexes. Frons relatively wide, less than five times as high as wide, wit% a broad callus ................................. Agelanius. Eyes bare in both sexes ............................... 23. Vertex of female with a well-marked tubercle. Frons relatively narrow, at least five times as high as wide, with elongate callus. Labella fleshy or membranous, without shiny, sclerotized areas. .......... Stenotabanus. Vertex of female without tubercle, rarely with a small flat, denuded area; in doubtful cases, frons much broader ............................................. 24. Body unicolorous, more or less greenish or pale yellow in life. Frontal callus elongate. Labella with scle- rotized, shiny areas ........................ Cryptotylus. Body not greenish, usually with contrasting markings. Frontal callus as a rule wider than high and as wide as frons. Labella fleshy or membranous, without shiny, sclerotized areas. .................. Pho~otabanus. Vertex of female with a more or less prominent, de- nuded tubercle, sometimes with traces of ocelli. Eyes bare or pilose ............. ......................... 2 6.



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19461 Tabanidae of Colombia 57
Vertex of female without tubercle, flat. Eyes of female .............
bare, of male either bare or pilose.
Tabanus.
26. Vertex with at least traces of ocelli. Eyes in both sexes bare, unicolorous. Frons rather narrow. Scutellum covered with white or yellowish hairs. .... Leucotabanus. Vertex without even traces of ocelli. Eyes in both sexes pilose, pubescent or with a few scattered hairs; in life often with color bands in the female. Frons relatively .....................................
broad Hybomitra.
* 1.
Chrysops variegata ( Degeer ) . Synonyms : Tabanus varie- gatus Degeer, 17 76 ; Tabanus costatus Fabricius, 1794; Chry- sops subfascipennis Macquart, 18 5 5.
Antioquia: near Medellin (N. Weber ; also reported by Dunn, 1929) ; Porcecito', Rio Porce (N. Weber) . - Magdalena: Tucu- rinca (reported by Curran, 192 8). - Meta: El Caibe (reported by Antunes, 193 7) ; Villavicencio (J. Bequaert ) . - Putumayo : Puerto Lim6n (S. Renjifo) ; Mocoa (S. Renjifo) . - Santander Sur : Puerto Olaya (J. Bequaert) . - Valle del Cauca: Palmira (B. Losada S.) ; Hacienda La Carmelita, Rio Frio (S. Renjifo). - Vaupks: between San Jose del Guaviare and Calamar (A. Gast. - Determined by G. Fairchild). - Ad. Lutz (1909) and Krober (1925) reported this species from Colombia, without definite locality, as C. costatus and C. costatus var. subfasci- peks.
*2a. Chrysops laeta Fabricius, 1805.
Amazonas : El Encanto (recorded by Krober, 192 5). - An- tioquia: near Medellin (N. Weber) ; Porcecito, Rio Porce (N. Weber) . - Caqueta: Florencia (Rbmulo Patino). - Choc6: Andagoya (I?. Otoya. - Determined by G. Fairchild) ; Utria (J. Boshell. - Determined by G. Fairchild). - Meta: El Caibe (reported by Antunes, 193 7) ; Restrepo (J. Bequaert) ; Villavi- cencio (M. Bates; J. Bequaert) . - Putumayo: Puerto Limb (S. Renjifo) . - Valle del Cauca : Sonso (S. Renjifo) ; Hacienda El Tablazo, Tulua (S. Renjifo) . - Krober (192 5) records C. hta also from Bogota, but this locality is probably erroneous. 2 b. Chrysops laeta var . nigroviolacea Krober, 192 5. Amazonas: Rio Igara-ParanA (reported by Pechuman, 193 7). - Not seen by us from Colombia.
':3. Chrysops leucospila Wiedemann, 1 8 2 8. Boyad: Muzo (J. Bequaert) . - Meta : El Caibe (reported by Antunes, 193 7) ; Villavicencio (M. Bates. - Determined by



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58 Psyche [Sept .-Dec .
G. Fairchild). - Vaupks: between San Jose del Guaviare and Calamar (A. Gast. - Determined by G. Fairchild). - First recorded from Colombia, without definite locality by Schiner (1868).
$4. Chrysops calogaster Schiner, 1868.
Boyack: Muzo (J. Bequaert) . - Choc6 : El Valle, Utria (J. Boshell. - Determined by G. Fairchild). - Cundimarca: Vil- leta (J. Bequaert) . - Meta: Restrepo (J. Bequaert) . 3. Chrysops soror Krober, 192 5.
Boyacii: Muzo (J. Bequaert) .
6. Chrysops melasna Hine, 1 92 5.
Santander Sur: Jazmin (reported by Dunn, 1929). -Not seen by us from Colombia.
7. Chrysops incisa Macquart, 1845.
Originally described from the temperate regions of New Gre- nada, which may have meant Colombia, this species has not yet been properly recognized; but possibly C. auroguttata Krober is a synonym. - Not seen by us from Colombia. 8. Chrysops auroguttata Krober, 193 0.
One of the type specimens of this species was from Colombia, without definite locality. It may, however, be a synonym of C. incisa Macquart. Most probably the specimen, supposedly from Bogota, which Krober recorded in 1925 as C. incisa, was what he later described as C. auroguttata. -Not seen by us from Colombia.
^9. Chrysops renjifoi J. Bequaert, 1946. Valle del Cauca: Veneral, Rio Yurumangui (S. Renjifo), holotype and paratype of the species.
$10. Chrysops weberi J. Bequaert, 1946.
Vaupks: Mitu (P. Allen), paratype of the species. The holo- type is from British Guiana.
* 1 1. Chrysops chiriquensis Fairchild, 193 9. Magdalena : Cincinnati, Santa Marta region, one male ( W. M. Mann. - U.S.N.M.).
This appears to be the undescribed male of C. chiriquensis, a species known thus far only from Panama. It agrees with the female in many characters, particularly in the shape of the antennae and the presence of a median pollinose stripe on the fronto-clypeus (over the basal or upper half). The wing mark-



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1946 I Tabanidae of Colombia 59
ings are similar also, but the basal cells are much more exten- sively black. The abdominal pattern is the same, but the yellow markings are slightly smaller. Length, 7 mm., of wing 7.5 mm. The fronto-clypeus is much swollen and divided by a deep median saddle.
1 2, Hemichrysops fascipennis Krober, 1930. The type specimen was from Colombia, without more definite locality. - Not seen by us.
^ 13. Esenbeckia chagresensis Fairchild, 1942. Magdalena: Rio &io (G. Salt), one of the paratypes of the species;
* 14. Esenbeckia diaphana (Schiner ) . Synonym : Pangonia dia- phana Schiner, 1868.
Meta: Restrepo (J. Bequaert) . - Putumayo : Puerto Limbn (S. Renjifo) ; Urcusique (S. Renjifo) ; San Pedro (S. Renjifo) . - Originally described from Colombia, without definite lo- cality.
* 15. Esenbeckia translucens ( Macquar t ) . Synonym : Pangonia translucens Macquart, 1846.
Boyach: Muzo (J. Bequaert) .
''> 16. Esenbeckia prasiniventris ( Macquart ) . Synonyms : Pan- gonia prasiniventris Macquart , 1846 ; Pangonia semiviridis Ricardo, 1900.
Cundinamarca : Bogota ( B . Guevara A. ) . - Magdalena : Rio Frio (G. Salt); Agua Duke, San Lorenzo Mts. (M. A. Car- riker) . - Originally described from Colombia, without definite locality. Krober's (1932~) locality La Guayra is in Venezuela, not Colombia.
1 7. Esenbeckia tinctipennis Krober, 193 1 d. Chocb: Condoto, type locality of the species. -Not seen by us.
1 8. Esenbeckia subvaria (Walker). Synonym : Ta banus sib varius Walker, 1848.
Krober ( 1932%) described the male of this species from Co- lombia, without definite locality. - Not seen by us. 19. Esenbeckia arcuata (Williston). Synonym : Pangonia arcu- ata Williston, 1895.
Krober (1932~) records a female of this species from Co-



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60 Psyche [Sept .-Dec.
lombia, without definite locality. -Not seen by us from Co- lombia.
*2 0. Esenbeckia illota var . osornoi Fairchild, 1942. Cundinamarca: Medina (J. V. Acufia) . - Meta: Restrepo (J. Bequaert) , paratype of the variety. - Santander Sur : Rio Negro (J. V. Acufia) .
Pangonia ferruginea Macquart, 1838 (not of Meigen, l804), appears to be a synonym of one of the subspecies of E. illota Williston. Krober's ( 1932 c) f erruginea, from Venezuela, and Antunes' (1937) from Restrepo, were E. illota var. osornoi. Fairchild ( 1942 ) also records a specimen of the same form from Cristalina, Colombia (in Hine coll.), a locality unknown to us. *2 1. Esenbeckia testaceiventris (Macquart ) . Synonyms: Pan- gonvi testaceiventris Macquart, 1848 ; Esenb eckia sexmaculata Enderlein, 192 5.
Cundinamarca: Tapias Las Cruces, Bogota, one of the types of E. sexmaculata. - Meta: Restrepo (J. Bequaert) . In addition we have seen a possibly undescribed species of Esenbeckia from Valle del Cauca : La Carmelita, Rio Frio (S. Renjifo) .
k 2 2. Elaphella cervus ( Wiedemann) . Synonym : Pangonia cervus Wiedemann, 1828.
Meta: Restrepo (J. Bequaert); Villavicencio (M. Bates. - Determined by G. Fairchild). - Putumayo: La Tagua R6- mu10 Patino).
Pityocera festce Giglio-Tos is fairly common in the Republic of Panama, but has not yet been taken in Colon~bia. As the type locality is in Darih, it may be expected to occur in Choc6. *2 3. Fidena gracilis (Krober ) . Synonym : Melpia gracilis Kro- ber, 1930g.
Meta: Restrepo (J. Bequaert) ; Villavicencio (M. Bates). - Narifio : Pasto (B. Guevara A.) . - Originally described from Chiriqui, which is in Panama, not Colombia. *24. Fidena pubescens (Ad. Lutz). Synonym: Erephopsis pu- bescens Ad. Lutz, 1909.
Putumayo: Puerto Asis (S. Renjifo).
2 5. Fidena pyrausta (Osten Sacken) . Synonyms : Pangonia py- rausta Osten Sacken, 1886 ; Melpia auricauda Enderlein, 192 5, according to Fairchild, 194 1.
Boyacii: Muzo (type locality of auricauda) . - Enderlein



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19461 Tabanidae of Colombia 61
seemingly records his auricauda also from Bogota, but this is probably erroneous. Krober (1930g) referred two females from the Magdalena River, Colombia, to pyrausta. - Not seen by us from Colombia.
2 6. Fidena nigricorpus Krober, 1934. Synonym : Melpia nigri- cans Krober, 1930s'; not Erephopsis nigricans Ad. Lutz, 1909, now placed in Melpia.
Krober's types of his M. nigricans came from Colombia (without definitelocality) and Brazil. - Not seen by us. 2 7. Fidena auribarba (Enderlein) . Synonym : Melpia auribarba Enderlein, 192 5.
Enderlein described this species originally from Colombia, without definite locality ("Cordillera, tierra caliente") . He also described a F. auribarba var. albibarba (Enderlein, 192 5) from Colombia ("Cordillera, tierra caliente") . - Not seen by us. *2 8. Fidena aureopygia Krober, 193 1 a. Choc6: Opogod6, type locality of the species. - Valle del Cauca: Aji, Rio Naya (S. Renjifo) .
2 9. Fidena fulvosericea Krober, 193 la. This species was described from "Darikn, Colombia." The region known as Darih borders on the Gulf of Urabh and ex- tends more in the present territory of Colombia than in the Republic of Panama. - Not seen by us.
Krober (1930~) records as Sackenimyia analis (Fabricius) two females from Colombia ("Cordillera, tierra caliente") . It is impossible to decide to which genus they may have belonged. The identity of Fabricius' Pangonia analis (1805) is not settled. What Ad. Lutz referred (doubtfully) to analis was a species of Melpia ( = Bombylopsis Ad. Lutz), a genus not definitely known from Colombia.
Krober (1933a) also mentions having seen a female of Fidena sorbens (Wiedemann), at the Berlin Museum, labelled as from the Cordillera of Colombia. He doubts, however, the correct- ness of the locality, which we feel is certainly erroneous. It is most unlikely that this species from southern Brazil and Para- guay would occur in Colombia.
3 0.
Fidena columbiensis (Krober ) . Synonym : Melpia colum- biensis Krober, 1930g.
Choc6: Condoto ("Upper Condosa" is no doubt a misspelling



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