Article beginning on page 343.
Psyche 5:343-346, 1888.

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two species differ, as is the rule in the genus, much less than the males. The
female variabilis has pale cilia on the
tegulae and the fore tarsus blackened
from the tip of the first joint, whereas the female germanus has black tegular
cilia and only the terminal joint of the fore tarsus black. I have seen one fe-
male, the exception above alluded to,
that had half of the tegular cilia yellow, and half of them black.
I am quite certain that the female
gemanus was known to Loew. He
says, after mentioning the fact that D.
variahilis is more variable in the color- ing of the posterior tarsi than is usually the case with the species of the genus
DoZicho$us : I possess also some other
females which I can only distinguish
from the above described 9 of D. za-
ria6iZis by their black ciliated tegulae" It seems therefore that either the females vary in the coloring of the cilia, or that we have here two exceedingly similar
species." Loew with his usual care and
circumspection did not venture to de-
scribe these females as n new species.
(To be continued.)
NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF HAEMATOBIA SERRATA.
BY JOHN B. SMITH, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J.
During the summer of 1889 the alarm
occasioned by the appearance in exces-
sive numbers of this species, known as
the "Horn Fly," induced me to study
some of the structures rather carefully
to demonstrate the impossibility of in-
juries such as were charged to the fly,
The result of these studies appeared in
poplar form in Bulletin 62 of the New
Jersey Experiment Station, and as they
cover some ground not heretofore trod-
den, I give some of them in a more
technical and condensed form to the en-
tomological public.
The mouth parts were more particu-
larly studied - not so carefully as the
studies made on some other species by
Dr. Dimmock, but simply to show the
gross anatomy. In this species the
opercular sheath is a ringed structure,
enlarged basally and roughly shaped
like an "Indian Club." The tube is
not con~plete, but there is an infolding above and in front of the sheath which,
while making it practically tight, gives a wide range of motion in enlarging and
and contracting. On the outer side
this sheath is furnished with rather
sparse hair set into deep pits, evidently tactile and specialized, and not mere
pubescence. In general structure Sto-
moxys calcifrans which was studied




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comparatively, agrees with the present
fleshy suckers form a close union with
species so far as the sheath is concerned. the punctured surface.
FIG. I.
Toward the tip the sheath becomes
narrower and more closely infolded un-
til just below the labellae a chitinous, curved, cross piece unites the two sides and makes the tube complete. Chiti-
nous rods, quite heavy at their point of inception at this cross piece run upward close to the margin of the incurved
edges, gradually losing themselves in
the body of the sheath. 61. caIci/~ans
has a very similar structure. The ex-
treme tip is somewhat tumid, smooth,
set with a few tactile hairs and furnished toward the back with a series of fleshy
processes which are apparently sucker
discs, being hollow with an oval open-
ing at the side near the tip. Centrally
there is an elongate, somewhat tri-
gonate opening, with corneous edges
through which the hypopharynx (lan-
cet) and perhaps the canula (lancet
sheath) are extended when the insect
pierces its prey ; the soft lips with the S. calcitrans differs very decidedly in
the structure of the tip, the lips not be- ing tumid while the edge is completely
encircled by the sucker discs.
The canula or axis piece or lancet
sheath, carries the hypopharynx or true
lancet. It is rather more than half a
cylinder to near the tip, where there is a beautiful adaptation to hold and stiffen the lancet. The open sides of the canula FIG. 2.
are for a short distance almost contigu- ous then again widely open, showing a
transverse septum rising to half the




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height of the cylinder, with a central
,
trigonate nick to guide the lancet, and
finally again the tube is almost com-
pleted just before the tip. This tip has exactly the shape of the opening at the
tip of the opercular sheath and fills it completely. It is perhaps questionable
whether this organ is used in piercing
01- is even inserted into the wound. The hypopharynx or lancet is a simple half
tube. In Stomoxys calcitms the
structure of the can~lla is different and much more simple, being uniform until
just below the extreme tip and there the tube is completed.
The opei-cular sheath contains con-
siderable muscular and other structure
which was not studied. From the base
of the hypopharynx a ringed tube leads
direct into the fulcrum which is the
sucking or pumping organ. From the
base of the canula on each side the
"great tendons" of Macloskie extend
along the side of the fulcrum nearly to
the top. These are according to Dim-
mock "the remnants of the basal chiti-
nous supports of the maxilla." They
are securely attached to the canula and
I could not find any point of attachment at the other extremities. In separating
the parts of the mouth they always
remain attached to the canula. In spe-
cimens mounted in balsam no muscular
structure is observable attached to them. The fulcrum is funnel shaped as shown
in the figure, and to the upper margin
the very long heavy palpi are attached.
In Stomoxys calcitrans the fulcrum is
quite different in shape, quadrate conic rather than cylindric, the very small
&ilpi attached to the frontal lateral sup- porting rods rather close to the lower
part of the fulcrum and therefore essen- tially different in location and more like Musca .
The palpi in Haematobia are quite
densely set with stout spinous hair.
Dr. Macloskie is studying Stomoxys
and Haematobia, and he will undoubt-
edly be able to complete and elaborate
this rough outline structure.
I11 examining the wings I noticed a
FIG. 3.
curious difference between the main
wing and the alar appendix. The for-
mer is of the common membranous
structure clothed with very fine pubes-
cence, the margins ciliated and not
thickened. The appendix shows no
pubescence but is minutely and rather
densely punctulate. The margin is
formed by a spiral, coil-like tracheate
structure. The veins also show differ-
ences in structure. The main trunks
are complete, continuous tubes set with
fine, rather short hair. The auxilliary
veins which do not reach the base, and
some of the transverse veins, are distinct- ly ringed and segmented, the segments
set with transverse rows of minute hair. Whether this indicates the original tra- cheate nature of these veins I cannot
say.




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1 LJ-tJ-!,. [ May 1390.
The extensile ovi-
duct of the fly is a very
pretty object when
fully spread out under
the microscope. It is
seen that at eiich seg-
ment is a broad belt of
closely laid scales and
that strong chitinous
rods support the tube
and probably aid in the
expulsion of the ovum.
I have examined this
organ in a number. of
diptera and find it dif-
ferent in detail in each
species.
The genitalia of the
male are quite compli-
cated, and in this
species comparatively
a camera drawing and no attempt has
been made to syn~metrically arrange the
parts. The broad uncus with its
spreading and elongated lateral angles
at tip is supported at base by two smaller processes with rounded, curved tips.
The harpes are membranous rather
than chitinous, and are only apparently
dissimilar, the hook like process of the left figure being concealed on the right. So the accessory clasper at the base of
the right harpe is not shown on the left, though it is also present. A close study of these organs in the diptera will undoubt- edly show many interesting structures.
The mouth parts of the larva were
also studied and the figured structure was presented. 'I'he outward appearance is
that of a ringed lip with a central open- ing behind which rise the fleshy emi-
nences which bear the small palpi.
The lins are made un of the usual tubu-
lar structure, the margins open and
giving the appearance shown at 3 in
figure 6.
It seems there as if the tubes
were made of an endless piece of struc-
ture the material being drawn from one
to the other. When properly treated
the tissue becomes transparent and the
chitinous sucking or pumping stomach
is brought into view, lying mostly
within the first segment. This organ is
roughly six-sided, three of the plates
distinctly chitinous, the others more
FIG. 5. membranous and furnished with power- larger and more easily studied than in
ful muscles-in fact muscular bands are
S. calcitym or in fisca domesfica 7
attached at all angles of this structure and both' of which differ very decidedly
thus the pasty mixture upon which the
from our species. The figure is from
larva subsists is drawn into the stomach.



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The fly oviposits, in my ex-
perience, largely at night,
though the observations made
under Prof. Riley's direction
prove that many are also laid
during the day. Flies in cap-
tivity always ovipositecl for me
at night only. I never was
able to see in the field a single
fly on fresh droppings during
the clay, while eggs were easily
found on these one clay old. No
amount of negative result can co~mterbal- ance positive observation, but I still be- lieve that eggs are largely laid at night, in New Jersey at least. Observations
made by Mr. Bodee of Freehold are
confirmatory of this view. The fly
hibernates in the imago state, and in
a winter like the one just past, breeds
nearly all the time, remaining quiet in
stables and wherever it finds shelter only in really cold weather. Dr. Lock-wood
bred the flies in February from droppings brought in from the fields.
It is a rather curious phase in the his- tory of this fly that up to the beginning of August it seems to increase enor-
mously, .fairly swarming about the
cattle, - worst perhaps in June and
early July, - while they are scarcely
FIG. 6.
annoying after the middle of August
and hardly as abundant as Stomoxys:
It seems also that early in the year they congregate about the base of the horns
of cattle much more than they do latei-
in the season.
Fig. 1. a, Tip of opercular sheath; b, a single sucker disc; c, tip of canula; d, tip of hypopharynx all enlarged.
Fig;. 2. 11, Palpus -The corresponding organ of the opposite side is omitted; S, the "great tendons"; c, throat; d, muscular bands to direct the proboscis; e, base of canula; f, base of opercular shesith showing ringed structure and tactile hairs; g, the fulcrum: en- larged.
Fig. 3. a, Alar appendix; 6, piece of wing; 6, piece of trunk vein; a', piece of transverse or anxilli,iry vein : enlarged.
Fig. 4. Oviduct of female : enl~rged.
Fig. 5. Genitalia of male : enlarged.
Fig. 6. I, Head and anterior segment of larva showing structure of pumping stomach; 2, mouth, further enlarged; 3, tubes of lip still further enlarged. NOTES ON THE SOUTHERN DISTRI-
BUTION OF SOME COMMON
BUTTERFLIES
There seems to be a little uncertainty as to the proper Southern range of some of our otherwise well-known butterflies, and so pos- sibly the following notes; though coming from only a limited locality, may help to add a link in the chain of life history of our lepi- doptera.
CHRYSOPHAXUS HYPOPHLAEAS : In the
month of August 1889, I found this fairly abundant in the neighborhood of Caesar's Head, S. C. These agree with New Jerscj




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