Richard M. Bohart.
Synonymy of the Genus Pseudoxenos Saunders (Strepsiptera, Xenidæ) and Records of Stylopized Hymenoptera from North Carolina.
Psyche 44:132-137, 1937.

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Psyche
[December
SYNONYMY OF THE GENUS PSEUDOXENOS
SAUNDERS (STREPSIPTERA, XENIDB) AND
RECORDS OF STYLOPIZED HYMENOPTERA
FROM NORTH CAROLINA
University of California, Berkeley
The genus Pseudoxenos was erected in 1872 by S. S. Saunders for parasites of the eumenid genus Odynerus. Further taxonomic work on members of the genus was done by Pierce, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1918; A. Ogloblin, 1924; Monod, 1925; and Esaki, 1932. Altho considerable information is available as a result of the efforts of these men, certain im- portant characters of the female and first larva have been inadequately described.
Males, females, and first stage larvae of several unde- scribed species of Pseudoxenos are in the author's collection. From this material the following has been observed. In the male the anterior edges of the scutellum may be convergent or may be nearly parallel, thus invalidating the character used by Pierce, 1918, to separate the tribe Pseudoxenini from parasites of the Sphecoidea; the female has three genital tubes as do the parasites of Sphecinse; and the first stage larva has five ocelli as in all the known strepsipterous parasites on wasps.
A careful comparison in all stages of these typical Pseudoxenos with specimens in the author's collection of the genera erected by Fierce, 1908, 1909, on the basis of host relationships and insufficient data; that is, Leionotoxenos from Odynerus and Eupathocera,Ophthalmochlus, Homilops, and Sceliphronecthrus from Sphecinse, has failed to show any generic differences whatsoever. The characters used by Pierce, such as the shape of the scutellum and "consistency" of the postlumbium in the male, and shape of the cephalo- thorax and position of the spiracles in the female, vary widely and hence are useless.




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19371 Hymenoptera from North Carolina 133 Therefore, the author has come to the inescapable con- clusion that the aforementioned genera are synonymous with Pseudoxenos. Altho no specimens have been examined of Macroxenos Schultze, 1925, from Odynerus, according to the description and figures this genus should also be referred to Pseudoxenos.
The following is a synopsis of the genus as herein re- defined.
Genus Pseudoxenos Saunders, 1872
Eupathocera Pierce, 1908a ; Ophthalmochlus Pierce, 1908b ; Homilops Pierce, 1908c ; Leionotoxenos Pierce, 1909a ; Sceliphronecthrus Pierce, 1909b ; Macroxenos Schultze, 1925. Male.
Radius of the hind wing with the detached apical portion distinct and originating posterior to the main vein; otherwise similar to Xenos. Metathoracic scutellum strongly narrowed anteriorly and with its anterior edges usually convergent but sometimes almost parallel. Metathoracic postlumbium not strongly spindle-shaped but frequently somewhat constricted at the middle. ADdeagus extremely variable according to species and apparently without generic significance.
Female. Cephalothorax darker on the anterior one-half than on the posterior one-half. Abdomen with three genital tubes entering the brood canal, as contrasted with four in Xenos.
First Stage Larva. Each eye composed of five ocelli, three dorsal, one lateral, and one ventral. Hind femur with one apical bristle, hind tibia with one outer bristle and three inner bristles, hind tarsus with a small subterminal pulvillus giving it a forked appearance in profile. Abdomen with six rows of stout bristles on sternites two to seven. Sternite nine bearing a pair of short stout tubercles furnished with long apical bristles and very short subapical ones. Tenth abdominal segment with a pair of latero-dorsal spines which are approximately half as long as the terminal stylets. STYLOPIZED HYMENOPTERA FROM NORTH CAROLINA It is interesting to note that only very rarely has the State of North Carolina been included as a locality in lists of



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134 Psycfie [December
Hymenoptera parasitized by Strepsiptera. The only pre-
vious record with which the author is familiar was made by George Salt, 1927, who recorded a parasitized specimen of Chlorion pennsylvanicum (Linn.) from Southern Pines. Additional records are now available thru the efforts of Mr. C. S. Brimley of the North Carolina Department of Agri- culture who has sent the author a number of stylopized specimens and furnished additional records by letter. Whenever possible the identity of the parasite has been determined and included in the following list. The portion of each reference before the colon refers in every case to the host and that after the colon to the parasite. Sphecidae
. Chlorion (Ammo bia) flavitarsus (Fernald) . Swannanoa, Sept. 3, 1924, one specimen, T. B. Mitchell coll.: mature male, Pseudoxenosl sp. near smithii (Von Heyden).
Chlorion (Ammobia) habenum (Say). Raleigh, Aug. 24, 1921, two specimens, C. S. Brimley coll.: male puparium and female, Pseudoxenos sp. near smithii (Von Heyden).
Chlorion (Ammobia) ichneumoneurn (Linn.). Raleigh, June 16, 1933, three specimens, D. L. Wray coll.: male puparium, exuvia, and two females, Pseu- doxenos smithii (Von Heyden).
Chlorion (Ammo bia) pennsylvanicum (Linn.) . Raleigh, Sept. 2,1927, two specimens; Aug. 6, 1924, one speci- men; Aug. 6, 1904, one specimen; C. S. Brimley coll.: male puparium, exuvia, and three females, Pseu- doxenos sp. near smithii (Von Heyden).
Sphex aureonotatus (Cam.) (det. by H. T. Fernald). Raleigh, mid June, 1914, one specimen, C. L. Metcalf coll. Raleigh, mid July (110 year), three specimens ; Sept. 8, 1921, one specimen; Sept. 9, 1904, one speci- men ; Sept. 13,1921, one specimen ; C. S. Brimley coll. Raleigh, mid Sept., 1921, T. B. Mitchell coll. Willard, 'Refer to Homilops Pierce and Ophthalmochlus Pierce in the synopsis of this paper.




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19371 Hymenoptera from North Carolina 135 July 15, 1925, one specimen, C. S. Brimley coll. Charlotte, July 6, 1921, one specimen, T. B. Mitchell coll. Elizabeth City, early Aug., 1919, one specimen, F. Sherman coll.: two mature males, two male puparia, two exuviae, and thirteen females, Pseu- doxenos sp.'
Sphex urnarius (Dahlb.) (det. by H. T. Fernald) . Raleigh, June 30, 1921, one specimen; Sept. 13, 1921, one specimen ; early Nov. (no year), one specimen ; C. S. Brimley coll.
Southern Pines, June 11, 1911, A. H.
Manee coll.: four exuviae and three females, Pseu- doxenos sp. (apparently the same species as that on 5'. aureonotatus) .
Ancistrocerus fulvipes (Sauss.) . Raleigh, Aug. 13, 1925, one specimen, C. S. Brimley coll.: female, Pseu- doxenos sp.
Odynerus pedestris Sauss. Raleigh, mid April, 1921, one specimen, C. S. Brimley coll.: male puparium and female, Pseudoxenos sp. (probably pedestridis Pierce).
Zethus spinipes Say var. variegatus Sauss. Beaufort, Aug. 11, 1902, one specimen, F. Sherman coll. : fe-
male, probably Pseudoxenos sp.
Polistes canadensis (Linn.) var annularis (Linn.) Bilt- more, July 29, 1933, one specimen, D. L. Wray coll.: female, Xenos pallidus Brues.
Polistes fuscatzis (Fabr.) var. pallipes (Lepel) . Raleigh, Apr. 10, 1905, one specimen, G. M. Bentley coll.; mid Oct., 1917, one specimen, J. E. Eckert coll. Currituck,
June 5, 1935, one specimen, D. L. Wray coll. Fayette- ville, June 25, 1933, one specimen, D. L. Wray coll. Elizabeth City, mid Aug., 1919, one specimen, F. Sherman coll. : one mature male, three male puparia, exuviae, four females, Xenos peckii Kirby. Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) var variatus (Cresson). Raleigh, June 7, 1933, one specimen, D. L. Wray coll. Ashe- 'Refer to Eupathocera Pierce in the synopsis of this paper.



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136 Psyche
[December
ville, Sept. 6, 1932, one specimen, D. L. Wray coll.: eight male puparia and one female, Xenos peckii Kirby.
Andrena sp. Raleigh, Mar. 24,1925, one specimen on willow, T. B. Mitchell coll. : female, Stylops sp. HaZictm (Chloralictus) sp. Late May, 1921, one specimen on Penstemon, T. B. Mitchell coll.: female Halic- toxenos crawf ordi Pierce.
Halictus (Chloralictus) sparsm Robt. Bryson City, no date: Halictoxenos sparsi Pierce. (Host and parasite de- termined by J. C. Crawford).
Halictus (Chloralictus) versatus Robt. Bryson City, July 8, 1923 : Halictoxenos versati Pierce. (Host and para- site determined by J. C. Crawford).
Halictus (Chloralictus) zephyrus Smith. Bryson City, Aug. 23, 1923 : Halictoxenos zephyri Pierce. (Host and parasite determined by J. C. Crawford). Panurainus sp.
Bryson City, no date : Crawf ordia sp. (Re- corded by J. C. Crawford).
The last four references above were taken from corres- pondence with Mr. C. S. Brimley.
With records from Bryson City, Biltmore, Asheville, and Swannanoa in the west; Charlotte, Southern Pines, Fayette- ville, and Raleigh in the central portion; and Beaufort, Elizabeth City, and Currituck in the east; Strepsiptera are now well represented in records from North Carolina. Esaki, T. 1932. Strepsiptera, in Iconographia Insectorum Japani- corum. Nippon Konchu Zukan, Hokuryukan, Tokyo. Monod, T. 1925. Sur un Pseudoxenos parasite d'odynerus crenatus Lepeletier. Bull. Soc. Zool. Paris, vol. 50, pp. 230-244, 3 figs. Ogloblin, A. A. 1924.
New and little known Strepsiptera from Poland. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, vol. 3, pp. 113-122, illus.



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19371 Hymenoptera from North Carolina 137 Pierce, W. D.
1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 9, pp. 75-85. 1909. A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., NO. 66, pp. 1-232, 15 Pis.
1911. Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera with de- scriptions of new species.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, pp.
487-511.
1918. The comparative morphology of the order Strepsip- tera together with records and descriptions of insects. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 391-501, 15 Pis. Salt, G. 1927. Notes on the Strepsiptera and their hymenopterous hosts. Psyche, vol. 34, pp. 182-192.
Saunders, S. S. 1872. Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, monographia. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Part I, (April) pp. 1-48, 1 PI. Schultze, W.
1925. Macroxenos pierci, a new genus and species of wasp parasites from the Philipine Islands. Phil. Jour. Sci., vol. 27, pp. 238, illus.




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