Article beginning on page 334.
Psyche 4:334, 1883.

Full text (searchable PDF)
Durable link: http://psyche.entclub.org/4/4-334.html

The following unprocessed text is extracted from the PDF file, and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors. Please consult the PDF file for the complete article.

884 PSYCH. [October-December 158s.
investigations, and it is not only of great importance from a purely entomological
point of view, inasmuch as the rearing
of galls yields insects which belong to
the parasites and inquilines, which
could not probably be obtained in any
other way, but it is so also because it
binds together inseparably two great
fields of human investigation, botany
and entomology. But the study of
plant-galls has moreover a deep prac-
tical interest in two other directions, in an industrial and agricultural regard.
An all-sided consideration of the subject should not leave these sides of it un-
attended to.
ON THE RELATIONS OF FUNGI TO GALLS AND TO LARVAE OF CECIDOMYIA LIVING IN GALLS.
BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEX, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, [Reprint, with slight amendment, of an abstract with the same title, by Hermunn August Hagen ;Canadian entom., July iSSs, v. 17, p. 136-137), of a review, by Friedrich August Wilhelm Thomas (Irmischia, ISS~, v.5, p. 4- ), based on a record by Fritz Ludwg (Botan. ceutialblatt, Y. so, p. 356- ) of W: Trelease's "Notes on the relations of two cecidomyians to fungi" (Psyche, Aug.Sep. is%, v, 4, p. 193-200), Trelease's paper not having been seen by Thomas.]
Larvae of Cecidomyia living in the
spore-layers of uredineae are also
found in Thuringia, Germany. In fact
the discovery of the community in the
same layer of two otherwise very differ- ent parasites is at first somewhat won-
derful and startling. The right expla-
nation will be a double symbiosis of a
phanerogamous plant and n fungus, and
of a fungus and an entomozoon. Years
ago I received from Gotha such larvae
out of the rust-fungus of Rosa. A
similar manner of living is known in
Germany for Diplosis coniopJiaga
Winnertz and for D. caeomatis Winn.
Their larvae were found by F. Loew
in the mat-fungus of several plants
(cf- Verh. 2001.-hot. ges. Wien, 1874,
p. W- ).
I am able to add two new
facts.
I found larvae of Cecidomyia
on Vaccinium uli&kosum in the
s pore-layers of Thecosjora myr~illina
Karsten (MelaMsora vacci~tii Alb. et
Schn.) , on the Beerberg in the Thuer-
ingerwald. The other one was sent to
me by Dr. E. Levier, from Florence,
Italy.
The leaves of Tanaceturn bal-
s d a L. (Erba di Santa Maria) had,
in the Pucciftia tanaceti halsamitae
D C., many small red larvae of
Cect-
domyia. I am not of opinion that this
guard is of prominent advantage for the
plant. The enormous numbers of the
spores of the rust-fungus will scarcely
be diminished by these larvae to any '
extent, that the guard may be consid-
ered to be a practical advantage for
the plant.
The second point of interest in Mr.
Trelease's paper is that the larvae
open the way for the fungus in the
plants. I may state as an analogous .
fact, that here the pustulae and pocks
on the leaves of mceae, made by
Phyto$iits, are not rarely filled by
fungi, especially by the carbonized
ones. The last plant I received by
the late Alex. Braun, in 1877, from
Blankenburg, Harz, was a leaf of SOY-
&us uucujaria, with fungus hmig-
lated in the galls of the mites.




================================================================================