Article beginning on page 331.
Psyche 4:331-333, 1883.

Full text (searchable PDF)
Durable link: http://psyche.entclub.org/4/4-331.html

The following unprocessed text is extracted from the PDF file, and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors. Please consult the PDF file for the complete article.

PSYCHE.
THE ENTOMOCECIDIA.
Introduction.
BY FERDINAND ANTON FRANZ KARSCH, BERLIN, GERMANY. [Translated by B: Pickmm Mdnn, from Entomologische nachrichten, July 1834, jahrg. 10, p. 205-209.1 I propose to offer, under the above
title, within the next few years, a list, arranged by families according to a
zoological system, of the galls (cecidia) which are produced on plants by insects
(entoma), so far as such a list will serve to fill up gaps now existing. The cate-
gory "plant-galls" is to be taken in the widest sense of the word, i. e., it is to embrace all those modifications which
lie outside of the normal methods of
development of the plant, and which are
presumed to be due to the influence of
a definite insect in any stage whatever
of its development, from the egg to the
imago. Usually only those vegetal for-
mations are designated by the term
"galls," which, while they do lie outside of the normal structure of the plant
under consideration, yet show forms so
definite and so perfect in themselves that they might rather be spoken of as an
ornament than as a pathological phe-
nomenon of growth. Of this kind are
the well-known l~ud-balls of our oaks,
the bedeguars of our roses, and the spi- rally twisted petioles of our poplars.
But a wider knowledge of such forms,
and the observation that anomalies
which are far less obvious, and there-
fore are usually overlooked by the laity, are due to exactly the same formative
impulses (such, for instance, as the
crumpling of the leaves of trees by the
suction of certain afhididae), make it
necessary to broaden the category
"galls," and now every creative reaction of a part of a plant against an irritation which affects it, whether proceeding
from an animal or a plant, is conceived
of as a gall-making activity, and the re- sultant structure (cecidi~im) is termed a mycocecidium if a fungus figures as the
impulse of the pathological formation,
and as a zoocecidium if it is due to an
animal.
If a coleopterous larva devour the
parencl~yn~a of a leaf, or a caterpillar spin together the margins of the leaves
in order to make itself a shelter and to prepare itself a closed storehouse for
food, the inhabited part of the plant
opposes no obstacle to the doings of the animal, and the "miners" are very well
to be distinguished from the cecidozoa.
Bladder-galls, on the contrary, arise in another way, when the parenchyma of
the leaf increases instead of becoming
less, and the affected place thickens;
and cecidia arise when leaves of trees
expand in a direction other than the
usual one, solely because of the irrita-



================================================================================

332 Ps?THE. [~ctober-~ecember iSS5-
tion resulting from the sucking action of the swelling of the wood in the case of
an animd, without being cemented by the effect of Tortrix zeheana Ratz. threads.
In this sense some of the in- On the other hand, since the recently sects included among the gall-makers published exhaustive investigations of (cecidozoa) by F. Rudow (Uebersicht
Graf zu SoIms-Laubach and P. Mayer,
der gallenbildiingen, welche an Tilia, it can no longer be questioned, as it has Salix, Populus, Artemisia vorkommen, been repeatedly in the past, that the nebst bemerkungen zu einigen anhen caprificators belong to the cecidozoa. gallen : Zeitsch~ fur di ges. naturwis-
It lists been asserted that the cecido-
sensch., 1875, v. 46, p. 237-287) [pa
ma preferably or solely attack diseased
2691 c,Innot be considered as such, but
plants or parts of plants ; indeed Ratze- Trachys m i d Fabr. and PhyZZoioma
burg goes so far as to set tip the view
microcephala K1ug must rather be desig-
that tekthredinidae are purposed to
anted as miners. The resinous gal ls*also, clear away diseased vegetal matter. which are included among the galls by Every day observation teaches that Haimhoffen, in his Beobachtiingen uber little weight is to be attached to gener- die menge und das vorkommen iler pflan- al sta ternents of this kind ; the branch- zengallen und ihre specielle vertheilung es of oaks and elms, while loaded with aufdie verschiedenen pflatizedgattiitige~~ galls, show forth in autumn in the most und arten (Vei'h. K.-k. zool.-bot. ges. luxuriant green 1 in Wien, 1858, v. 8, p. 285-394), cannot The list which I have planned is not be placed there without a distinction, if alone to comprise the palearctic ento- their method of formation presumes no mocecidia and their producers, but is to real reaction on the part of the plant take into consideration also those of the against the attacks of the enemy. There rest of the regions, so far as attainable. belongs, for example, the "manna At the same time the number of plant- tiha1," which, a saccharine secretion, galls as yet made known,, which are serves as an abode and for the transfor- produced by exotic insects, from all the mations of some coleopterous tarvae, the rest of the geographical regions, is a rel- Larinus meRificmJecke1 and L. macu- atively very small one-with the single latus Falderm., and
which occurs not exception of some of those of the ant- uncommonly in Persia, 011 species of arctic region, whose entomocecidia Bchinofs.
have already been partly described in
It is another matter, however, when
numerous North American periodicals
such formations arise only accessorily,
hard to get at.
as for instance they are connected with
By the gradual publication of a corn-
plete codex of entoinocecidia I believe
* Cf. Kirchser, Lew. Ant. Die harzgallen der nadei. hazer urn hplitx. (Lotos, Jan. IS;, v, 6, p. psi.) I shall partially supply the need of a
t Cf. Ha~bw>', Daakl.' Note on two insect products codex of zooceciilkt in general, which
from Persia. (Jouro. proc. Linn. soc. Land., ISS~, v. 3, need has long been greatly felt, and has P. 171-1839 fig'.)




================================================================================

October-Decem ber 1885.1 E'S2Tlic.E. 333 constantly become more pressing. The
.
existence of such a need is sufficiently shown by the circumstance that single
parts of this codex have already been
worked out by illustrious men. Thus,
in regard to insects, Julius elder von
Bergenstamni and Paul Loew have
compiled a "Synopsis ceciclom~ida-
rum," Wien, 1876. (Published by the
authors. From Verh. K.-k. zoo1.-hot.
ges. in Wein, 1876, v. 26, p. 1-104.)
Among all the animals (cecidozoa)
which produce ceciclia, the insects form decidedly by far the greater majority.
Almost all the orders furnish at least
one or another representative, and often from systematically very distant fam-
ilies. The number of species of ceci-
dozo-ii among the lepidoptera, coleo-
ptera and hemiptera is small ; it is far greater among the hymenoptera and
diptera ; among the rest of the animals, gall-makers are found only among- the
minute acarida, among the micro-
scopic rotatoria (living beings usually
subordinated to the crustacea), and
finally among the nematoda. Among
the acarida it is exclusively the genus
Phy/o$tus Duj. (which has been very
imperfectly investigated as yet in regard to its species) which gives rise to plant- galls (phytoptocecidia, the erinea,
$JiylZeriaceae. ce$haZone(ze of the old
botanists) of the most manifold config-
uration of shape. The plant-galls of
Europe, produced by Phyto$tus, have
been worked up rather exhaustively,
especially by their most distinguished
connoisseur, Friech-ich Thomas, in
Ohrdruf near Gotha, who has published
the results of his investigations in nu- merous works (namely, in the Zeit1-
schrift f. d. ges. naturwiss. . . Giebel, and the Nova acta cl. Kais. 1eop.-
carol.-deutschen acad. der natui-for'-
scher) during a long series of years,
and by several articles by Franz Loew
in theverb. K.-k. zoo1.-bot. ges. in
Wien) . Of the rotatoria solely Not04
mata werneckii Ehrenb. has been macle
known as a cecidozoon in algae, species
of Vancheria,* and the cecidozoa
among the nematoda belong to some
dozen species of the two genera of
anyuiZZuZidae, TyZencJzus Bastian and
Heterodera Schmidt. Interesting ma-
terial regarding these two genera of
cecidozoa may be found compiled by
Karl Mueller : Neue helmintl~ocecidien
und deren erzeuger (in Thiel's land-
wirtl~scaftliche jahrbiicher, 1883, 50
p., 4 pi., and as a Berlin cloctorate-dis- sertation) .
A great part of the material with
which we have to deal was arranged ten
years ago in J. H. Kaltenbach's "Die
pflanzenfeinde aus der klasse der insec- ten," Stuttgart, J. Hoffmann, 1874 ;,
84-848 P. Yet this otherwise very
useful handbook, besides being very in-
complete in a cecidological regard, suf- fers in the lack of any reference to
sources, which is however an indispen-
sable requisite to a critical appreciation of the accumulated material.
In spite of the large number of facts
already made known, the study of the
entoinocecidia and their producers still continues to offer a wide field for new
*cf. Ehrenberg. Notommata werneckii. (Mittheil. der Gesells. naturf. freunde zu Berlin, July 1836, p. 3c- 33.1




================================================================================

884 J'sHX... [October-December 1885.
investigations, and it is not only of great importance from a purely entomological
point of view, inasmuch as the rearing
of galls yieldsinsects which belong to
the parasites and inquilines, which
could not probably be obtained in any
other way, but it is so also because it
binds together inseparably two great
fields of human investigation, botany
and entomology. But the study of
plant-galls has moreover a deep prac-
tical interest in two other directions, in an industrial and agricultural regard.
An all-sided consideration of the snbject should not leave these sides of it un-
attended to.
ON THE RELATIONS OF FUNGI TO GALLS AND TO LARVAE OF CECIDOMYIA LIVING IN GALLS.
BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, [Reprint, with slight amendment, of an abstract with the same title, by Hermann August Hagen [Canadian entom., July iSSs, v. 17, p. 136-1}7), of a review, by Friedrich August Wilhelm Thomas (Irmischia, ISS~, v. 5, p. 4- ), based on n record by Fritz Ludwg (Botan. ceutialblatt, Y. m, p. 356- ) of W: Trelease's "Notes on the relations of two cecidnmyians to fungi" (Psyche, Aug-Sep. IS%, v, 4, p. 193-200)~ Trclease^s paper not having been seen by Thomas.]
Larvae of Cecidomyia living in the
Italy. The leaves of Taċ´nacetu bal-
spore-layers of uredheae are also samita L. (Erba di Santa Maria) had, found in Thuringia, Germany. In fact in the Puccinia tanaceti halsamitae the discovery of the community in the
D C., many small red larvae of Ceci-
same layer of two otherwise very differ- domyia.
I am not of opinion that this
ent parasites is at first somewhat won-
guard is of prominent advantage forthe
derful and startling. The right expla- plant. The enormous numbers of the nation will be a double symbiosis of a spores of the rust-fungus will scarcely phanerogamous piant and ii fungus, and be diminished by these larvae to any ' of a fungusand an entomozoon.
Years extent, that the guard may be consid- ago I received from Gotha such larvae ered to be a practical advantage for out of the rust-fungus of Rosa. A tlie plant. similar manner of living is known in The second point of interest in Mr. Germany for Diplosis coniophaga Trelease's paper is that the larvae Winnertz and for D. caeomatis Winn. open the way for the fungus in the Their larvae were found by F. Loew plants. I may state as an analogous . in the rust-fungus of several plants fact, that here the pustulae and pocks (cf. Verh. 2001.-hot. ges. Wien, 1874, on the leaves of fomaceae, made by p. ~ 5 - ). I am able to add two new Phytoptus, are not rarely filled by facts. I found larvae of Cecido-myia fungi, especially by the carbonized on Vaccinium uliginosum in the ones. The last plant I received by spore-layers of Thecos$ora myrttllina the late Alex. Braun, in 1877, from Karsten (Meh@sora vacclnii Alb. et
Blankenburg, Harz, was a leaf of SOY-
Schn.), on the Beerberg in the Thuer- ^us awaria, with fungus irnmig- ingerwald. The other one was sent to lated in the galls of the mites. me by Dr. E. Levier, from Florence,




================================================================================