Article beginning on page 89.
Psyche 4:89-91, 1883.

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While pursuing the development of
these glands opportunity was taken of
proving that Engelmann's so-called
' &neuroid filaments" (Neuroidfasern)
were not of a neural nature.
Under the heading "function"
Schiemenz treats of some curious views
that have been advanced by authors in
regard to the different salivary glands
of bees. Ramdohr at first mistook sys-
tem 11 for an olfactory organ and system 111 for its continuation in open communi- cation with the tracheae of the thorax.
He later corrected this error. Fis-
cher thought that system in was an
'insect-lung." Wolff and Graber prop-
erly receive sliarp criticism at the
hands of Schiemenz because they
thought that system IV was a gland for
moistening an olfactory organ beneath
the labrum, the place where Wolff, in
his wild search for analogies between
vertebrates and insects, had located the olfactory organ pf the bee. Schiemenz
regardsthe glands of system rv as used
in the preparation of food. and the
glands of system I as producing, in
part at least, the nutrient fluid used for '
the larvae.
The functions of the other
systems still remain doubtful,
As an appendix the author describes
and figures the structures of the anten- nae of Apis meZZt'fca, since it is now
settled that the antennae are the seat of the olfactory sense. '
TION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF PARASITIC
LIFE IN GALLS.
, from G. FT. Moliers " Bidrag till kfinnedomen om bildninger" (Entom. tidskr., r882, ire. 3, p. 18a-i86).J BY B: PICKMAN MANN. WASHINGTON. D. C.
new der not mentioned it is to be understood 219,
that both males and females were ob-
all the para-
tained, and where the quantity of spec-
Reis-
imens is not mentioned that a moderate
m galls number were obtained ; (a) indicates and Nemafus. an abundance, (aa) a great adundance, t is very incorn-
and (r) a scarcity of specimens.
ill here
I. From galls of Cynips folii, col-
1 inqui- lected in Scania, September 1868, m such were raised, in March 1869 : - Tory- years'
mus viridissfmws (r) , 7. chgnhtws,
nuous investigations.
T. ftavi/es 9 (unique) ; in April : -
the determination of the species I
Synergus vulgaris; in May :-Euryto-
followed exclusively Thornson's ma a//endigaster 9 (unique). ewptera Scandimaviae and Opw- 2. From galls of Cyntps /ongtmven- entomologica. Where the sex is his, collected in Scaiiia. September



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90 ps YCHi?. (September-October iSS.3.
1875, were raised, in May 1876 :-
Torymus nigricmis 9 (unique),
Syntomas$is cyanea . Synergus ner-
vosus (a), Platytermus j'ascicultttus,
Decaioma bigftttata 9 (r) .
3.
From galls of Cynifs terminalis,
collected in Biekinge, July 1876, were
raised, in July 1876 : - Torymus viri-
dissimus (a) , Synergusfacialis, Deca-
toma bipttata , To'rymws euchlorus
(r), T. cingvlatus 9 (unique),
Piatytermus simplex (r) , Cecidostiba
truncates (r) , Mega~tigmus dorsalis
(? (unique) ; in February and March
I 877 : - Olwx guZZurum (aa) ; in
March :- Syntomas$is sa$hirina (a),
Megastigmus dorsalis (r) ; in May :-
BupeZmus urozonus (r] . cecidostiba
rugi~rons,
4.
From galls of Cyni#s terminalis
from land, collected in September
1876, were raised, in February to April
I 87 7 : - Syntotnaspis sujhirina (aa ) ; it) March : - Pimpla inanis f (r) ;
in April to July ; - Megastigms dor-
salts; in April : - Synerfus nervo-
sus (a), Tortrix ( ? Grafholitka å´punt
ticostana} (r) , Cecidostiba. rt/g;å´from larvae of Balaninus villosus (it),
Ewytoma intermedia; in May :-
Ewpelmus urovonus (a), Cecid-omyia
longicornis 8 (rather rare), Ceci-
dosii&a truncaia. (r). C. coll~s,
Supelmus amreus (rather rare) ; in
June : - Tetrastichus termiwalis 9 .
Remark. The sinai! lepidoptera and
diptera which occur here, as well as
the coleopterous larvae, are inquilines, The little Pimpla has probably been
raised as a parasite upon the tortrici-
due. as also presumably the Tetra.4-
chus from the Cecidomyia, analogously
with its related genus Oxymorpha^
which lives parasitically on Cecidomyia
fa@. The Eupe/mw.t have perhaps
lived as parasites in the Curculio-larvae. 5. From gdls of Cynips gemmae,
from Scania, autumn of 1876~ were
raised. in March 1877 : - Synergus
vulgaris (a), Olinx gallarum (a),
Syntomaspis sa/Airina (a).
6. From galls of Cynips (Spathe-
faster) daccarwm, collected in Scania
during April and May 1876-1879, were
raised, in May 1876:-Speryus Qi-
calls (r). Figites anthomyiei.i"u,m 9
(unique) ; in June 1877 : - Torymus
uir idissiwws (a), Amblymerws crassi-
corpzis (rather rare), A. $eduncdi
9 (rather rare) ; in March 1879 : -
OZinx fulvicrus 9 ; in April:-Syn-
ergus thaumacerw-s $ (unique) ; in
July : - Tory- viridissimus (a),
Butelus hetwotomus f (unique), E.
collar is^ Synergw vå´u/gari (a), Pla-
tyiermus fascicdatus 9 (r), &my-
7asgasiris f (corninon) 9 (r).
7. From galls of Cynips ( Trtgunas-
pis) crustazis, collected in Scania. ApriJ 1878 and 1879, were raised, in June
1878 :,- S-ynerfus tkauma-cerus (a) ; in April 1879 : - Syntomasfis fa-stwsa
(a) ; in July :-Syneryus thaumacerus.
Remark. At the end of April 1878
quite numerous individuals of Trigo-
nas$ts of both sexes came forth, v hen-
ever Synergus exterminated Syttiofnas-
pis; in 1879 not a single Tngonas#is
came forth whenever they were exter-
minated by Syntomaspts^ whose parit-




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September-October iSS3.1
9. From galls of Cyni-ps ( Andricws)
mator, collected in Scania, June
79, were raised, in July 1879 : - Pla-
m (a). Bittelits tihialis 2 .
. 9 (2 specimens).
. From galls of Cyni$ (Adax)
ig'er on flierdurn umbellahm,
ae] on Rosa canha, collectet1 in
ania during March 1881 and April
32, were raised, in May to July 1881 :
*ips (Rhodites} rosae f (r) 9
), Orto$elma hteolaior (a) ; in
Orfo$elma ZuteoZutor (a), Torymus
deguaris (a) ; in May and June:-
7wJfoma $uiicorais, Rhodites rosae.
0, Aulax brandti (aa).
.hes
as,
Nemutus viduatus ( r) , fif~@a. inanis
(T (r), P. vesicaria f (common) Q
(unique) , P. brevicornis, P. mad&
Maris (r) ; in May and June, Nematus
pentandrae (a) ; in June : - Limneria
chrysusticta (aa) , Sjmy5iezvs sericei-
cornis f (unique) ; in June and July : - Habrocytus capreue (aa) , Burytoma
sulicis (a) ; in April 1882 :- Nematvts
$endandrae (a) ; in April and May :-
Limneria chrysosticta (a) ; in May
and June :- Euryiomu salicis (a),
Habrocytus capreae (r).
A part of the species of the genus
Torymus and of the genera Syntom-
aspis and Megastigmv,s are constant
parasites in galls on oak. like Ortofelma and ~orymus bedeguaris in rose-galls
and Limneria chrysosticta in willow-
galls. The genera Synergus* Bury-
toma and t echo ma are all secondary
parasites, that is to say, they attack in their turn the parasites on gall-
formations and destroy them. The
other pteromulini {Gutelus, Platyter-
mws, Ha.brocyt-u.~i, etc.) are probably
also sec'ondary parasites. In regard to
Adax brandti. on the other hand.
which often occurs so numerously in
bedeguars, it can hardly be considered
as a parasite, since all its congeners
,
form gall-like swellings on the branches of plants or live in swollen seed-cap-
sules. but it may be considered to be
an inquiline or the possible fellow-build- er with Rhodites rosae. The Pimpla
raised from willow galls of the year
1881 have probably all lived parasitical- . ,
14.
From swelling on the branc
Sdix capraea, collected near Steh
- - ^OD_ . 1 A




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