Article beginning on page 87.
Psyche 4:87-88, 1883.

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serious. It is the progressive increase
of destroyers with the decrease of vic-
tims through successive mild seasons
that is really to be dreaded.
" As a slight corroboration of this
view, I may mention, that while this
district of country is comparatively poor in all the species of which the larvae feed and hibernate in any exposed situation,
several species of Noctuae, of which
the larvae live underground, are always
abundant. and the country is actually
rather rich in those species of Tortri-
cina which feed and hibernate entirely
within the stalks or roots of plants.
"It is worthy of notice, that there
are a very few species which have
appeared unable to cope with severe
cold. Lobo$ho7*a viretata was tolera-
bly common here during the first three
or four years of which I have been
writing, but after the first cold winter it became scarce. and has since almost
disappeared."
SALIVARY GLANDS IN BEES.
[Abstract of a dissertation by Paulus Schiemenz.] BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Paulus Schiemenz' dissertation "~ber
das herkominen des futtersaftes und die
speicheldrusen der biene" . . . [Rec., no. 33371 gives many interesting facts in the anatomy of the honey-bee and of other
bees. The beginning of this paper is a
historical consideration of the subject, with a description of the digestive tract of A-pis mellifica, in which the author
follows Plateau's view that the proven-
triculus serves to arrest the too rapid
flow of the contents of the crop (or
honey-stomach, as Schiemenz here
terms it) into the ventricle. Following
the views of Leuckart, in whose labora-
tory Schiemenz prepared this paper, the
author considers that the ileum of the
bees, as of insects in general, has no
other function than that of furnishing a suitable connection between ventricle
and rectum, and he decides that the
nutrient fluid used by bees to feed their queen, larvae and drones surely does
not come from the ventricle, as has been often supposed. The salivary glands
are next described, and their secretions and histological structure discussed, in the order introduced for them by Sie-
bold, i. e.. as Lisysten3 I, 11, in, IV and v."
The gland of system I (Meckel's SLI-
pramaxillary gland) is provided with a
reservoir and discharges its strongly acid secretion by openings. one on each side
of the "Schlundbliittchen" [hypopharynx
of Savigny]. This gland is absent in
queens and drones. In six species of
Bomb this system is well developed,
and the author describes various modi-
fications in other bees.
The glands of system 11 (Meckel'sglan-
clula kubling~~alis) are in the head, just above its lower or posterior chitinous
walls, and are easiest prepared by first removing system I. and then the brain.
The different efferent ducts of the parts Ps\&e 4 W7-89 (pre.1903). hfp //psyche aitclub orgW4-0087.htnii



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88
. . .-.
PSrcHE. 1 ; [S~ptriinber-October MI.
6 , of this .system of glands unite on each- 'and 'worker, but in the latter its capacity , side, and the ducts resulting fron~heir. is greatest), System ni :is! not as well :
,
union join the duct -from system in at
developedi relatively, in. other bees as it . . 4 right angles, forming a-eru&form figure, . is in Apis. ,-This systkmtlof glands is - The m~retiou. of -system 11; is slightly described land figured by Spaulding . ,
alkaline and leaves .a- fatty spot ,upoo (Anw; nat.$Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 113-
t . the test-paper. . Queen - bee~~have sys MI 19)) whom ĺ´Schiemen incorrectly ..tern n ;similar to .that of, wotikers,, but - cites :as ! Hyatt, but .whose description . ; . in drones- its- place is occupied by 3 ;harightly says "gives only the crudest . .
mass. of .yellow fat-ceils,, whiqh cannot - outlines and even these hccurately," secrete, andl which the author follows
. System, iv,. described! minutely by
. Fagettstecber in regarding as results,of Wolff and .noticed.by (Graber, &mists of degeneration. ;-Jn the male of &+s.
twoglands, one oneach side, opening by
: this 8ystetn.o~upies lneariy tile whole atshort dmct upon the inner side of the
.
head, while in the females, and. workers, base of each mandible, .apd giving out . ,
,. it):s less developed proportionally than ia strongly odorous and very acid liquid. , . in ^pis.r., ~y&rr~ 11
is present. in : If d mandible, isstorti from a bee's head ,
Psithyrus,: Meg-We ,and, .Coe&xys^
the gland .usually hangs to the base of
a . .. but absent in all other bees exapiuned cthe.mandible. as.a.little sac. In queen .
by the author, e. g.,,in, fiylaesus, Did- , bees ,system rv ..is veny strongly devel- , . roa, -Ha, Andrew Osmict,, An- . oped, in wonkera well, developed, but '
thidiam,. Wfetfs^oSfe~ect~ m^ A* . ha~suffered,adegeneration~indrones,in . ,- thojhora. i . ;whish the gland, altbo still. present. , -
System m cbnsis~~ ofia pair -of glands . secretes nothing. .System .IV is present. . id .the anterior .part of the thorax, .each more or less developed, in all bees.
, gland having a. resewoir, and. each open- System v, which is not present in Apis
:, iog by.a duct which passes forward in- melhj$icu, but exists in Bowbus and
I
.to the head, the two ducts there uniting , S Q ~ . other genera, consists of an un- '
, to fcirn~ the common duct of-this sj-stern,, +paired giatid, which .opens into the out- . !with which (as mentioned before.) the t .Jet. of the ctAnmextii duct of systems 31 ,
two ducts' of system 11 ,unite at-riglit ,an:, and HI.
This system was not very fully
Ygks to,form a c.v.oss,. the combinedeffer: studied by. the authw, its function prob- ,
efltduct of systems 11 and 111 forming ,the, , ably being~only. thabof lubrication. I
.fourth,.or anterior, branch of .the cross, .In frturfyipg the development of these
, . The. secretion. of, the glands ,of system . glands, which., he considers at length. ,
,111 I is sightly alkaline or neutral.. In Schiamenz shows that systems I and iv
. qwsens. and drones* particularly in .the! . ace entirely ,new formations from epi- latter, this system of' glands is of similar, . dermal inwagination, system in is partly .
stru.cture,!but not 90 strongly% developed .developed ,from the; silfc-gl&& of the , as in workers. The reservoir is differ- larva, and systems 11 and v a , . ently proportioned in queen, drone .later from the duct of system 11



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While pursuing the development of
these glands opportunity was taken of
proving that Engelmann's so-called
' &neuroid filaments" (Neuroidfasern)
were not of a neural nature.
Under the heading "function"
Schiemenz treats of some curious views
that have been advanced by authors in
regard to the different salivary glands
of bees. Ramdohr at first mistook sys-
tem 11 for an olfactory organ and system 111 for its continuation in open communi- cation with the tracheae of the thorax.
He later corrected this error. Fis-
cher thought that system in was an
'insect-lung." Wolff and Graber prop-
erly receive sliarp criticism at the
hands of Schiemenz because they
thought that system IV was a gland for
moistening an olfactory organ beneath
the labrum, the place where Wolff, in
his wild search for analogies between
vertebrates and insects, had located the olfactory organ pf the bee. Schiemenz
regardsthe glands of system rv as used
in the preparation of food. and the
glands of system I as producing, in
part at least, the nutrient fluid used for the larvae. The functions of the other
systems still remain doubtful,
As an appendix the author describes
and figures the structures of the anten- nae of Apis meZZt'fca, since it is now
settled that the antennae are the seat of the olfactory sense. '
TION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF PARASITIC
LIFE IN GALLS.
[Translated, with some change, from G. Fr. Moliers "Bidrag till kfinnedomen om parasitlifvet 1 gallEpplen och dylika bildninger" (Entom. tidskr., r8S2, ^rg. 3, p. 18a-i86).J CKMAN MANN, WASHINGTON. D. C.
new der not mentioned it is to be understood all the para-
tained, and where the quantity of spec-
and Nemafus. an abundance, (aa) a great adundance, nuous investigations.
T. fiavipes 9 (unique) ; in April :
the determination of the species I
Synergus vulgaris; in May :-EN




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