Article beginning on page 75.
Psyche 3:75, 1880.

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PSYCHE.
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO CHRYS- ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. (Concluded from p. 19.)
Between 26 Feb. and 19 March 1880,
there emerged, in my house, 10 examples
of Papilw ajax from the chrysalids sub-
jected to cold for 14 and 20 days in 1879, as related on page 4. From the lot iced
14 days emerged 2 å´å 2 ? ; from that of 20 days, 4 3, 2 ?.
From chrysalids of same laying of eggs,
but which were not iced, emerged 4 '& 8
? between 4 March and 30 March. Eight
of the ten iced chrysalids gave butterflies before 2 March, and therefore 2 days be- fore any had come from the not iced lot. The other two emerged on 18 and 19
March.
On 4 April, I examined all these butter- flies and compared them with each other, and also with examples from same lot of
eggs, the chrysalids of which had been
iced and gave butterflies in 1879.
1. Comparing with each other: all are
telamonides. I found no difference in shape or coloration, between the examples iced and not iced.
2. Comparing with examples from same
lot of eggs, which emerged in 1879 : these latter have the summer form (marcellus)
with the coloration of the winter form
(telamonides) , wherever the change is
complete ; and any change at all is in the direction of the winter form (p. 5, 6).
The wings are all produced, the hind mar- gins of primaries concave ; the tails very long, averaging å´ 23.5 mm., 5' 24.1 mm. The butterflies of 1880 have the wings
much less produced, the hind margins
straight or convex; the tails short, aver- aging, U8.1 mm., ? 20.3 mm.
The icing apparently produced no effect
on the chrysalids which passed the winter, except perhaps to hasten the appearance
of the butterflies a few days. But the
same treatment altered the markings of
the butterflies which emerged in 1879.
It does not appear that the effect of the cold was really tb precipitate the emerging of any in 1879, -that is, to compel any
which would naturally have emerged in
1880, to do so in 1879. On examining
the proportion of hibernating chrysalids from several broods of ajax, as recorded in Butterflies of N. A., v. 1, p. 11-13, I find that of all broods in and after May, about one-half the chrysalids gave butter- flies the same year. The figures are 14- 39 [0.36], 10-17 [0.59], 6-10 [0.60],40- Pu&e 3 075-76 (pre.1903) hfp //psyche aitclub org/OT.0075 htd



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76 PS YCEE.
,
76 [0.53] [average, 0.521, the first, repre- should have emerged in 1879 as the aum- senting the earlier broods. Of the 69 mer form. did BO emerge in shape, but pre- pupae of June 1879
(PSYCHE, p. 4),34 sented the coloration of the winter form. yielded butterflies the same season ; and I call to mind only two species of North of the 35 of same lot, which were iced,
American butterflies in which there is a 16 emerged the same season.
decided difference of shape between the
By this it does cot appear that cold made winter and summer forms, namely, P. ajax any butterfly emerge in 1,879 whose natural and Orapta interwga&nIS. In other ape-
term wae 1880.
It ie impossible to be cies, as the shape is identical in both forms, absolutely certain of this fact, 'but the it could not be ascertained whether the ap- probability is very strong that the change plication of cold had affected anything be- produced by cold was in coloration, or in yond the coloration or clothing. the cloth in^ (ae in the frontal hairs). What -,
LARVAE OF THE FAMILY PYSOCHR0IDA-E.
BY HSIIBY LOSING MOODY, MALDEK, MASS.
The larva of Dendrodes canaden.& is a do not appear at all when looked for from type of the larvae of the Pynchroidue, of above. which family I have bred four species,
In W. wimlor the processes are stouter,
namely, B, canademis, D. ccmcolor, Pyro- nearly straight, and hardly longer than the h a jabdiata, and Schuotus cervfcaMs. basal portion. The tips are obliquely cut
These larvae all have a much flattened and off on their inner side. The cut-ote-saca apprwsed body, a vertically wmpreseed between them are larger than in D. cam- Sensis, and have at their lower side a
"" 'ligh'y brOder thm
F ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , s~ig~,t~r prnjecting fip, - 'be seen attached the a from abovo. The modification of these ous plate, ~roduced into two distant, hi- charmters in P. flabdata is more marked ; mntal, more or less curved processes,
the processes are straight on the inner
~ h r ~ ~ of the species are honey yellow, and edge, still shorter in proportion to the base TL
than in the previous species, and the pan- approximate very nearly in size.
ulfitions are much stronger.
On the under
Schiwtws cervicalis, of a
gidg of each process, near the base, there tint and smaller.
The &or ~eparatea this is a tooth-like projection, and the outer last from the other three, which may be sep edge at the baae has two such projections, arated from each other by $he corneous
me smaller than the other- The eulå´c!e
m-cs are very large, with the projecting lip date and processes- In w'canadensis the prominent and ernginate at the middle. PmeaseB are nearly one third longer th* Ju conclusion a word in regard to f he cu- the basal portion, are rather slender, regu- rions cuZ-rt6-g~~. They are deep, and sug-
hrly though moderately curved inward, and gest a possible organic use ; but thus far, have fine granulations which are more nu- though I h e card~~iilly dissected for the purpose, I have not I'md that they are in toward tipsm hse any way connected with +,he internal organs, ProcegM at their bmeb are found two or have any opening into the interior of small blind cavities, or cul-de-sacs, which the body.



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