C. S. Ludlow.
A Question of Synonomy.
Psyche 22:137-139, 1915.

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19151 Ludlau-A Questwn c$ Symnomy 137
Since many of the eggs of Ch~togedia monticola hatch in less than a minute, Townsend's view that the digestive juices act upon the chitin and cause the shell to weaken is probably incorrect. In all probability the digestive juices of the host is perceived by the jarva through the micropyle of the egg and immediately the lama endeavors to free itself from the egg.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1. Swezey, 0. H., 1907. The Sugar Cane Leaf-Roller (Omiodes accepta) with an Account of Allied Species and Natural Enemies. Rept, Exp. Sta. Hawaiian
Sugar Planters' Assoc., Div. Ent. Bull. 6, pp. 1-61. 2. Swezey, 0. H., 1908. Observations on the Life History of Ch&og@diu mon- ticola Bigot* Proc. Hawaiian Eiit. SOC. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-35. 3. Swezey, 0. H., 1909. Army Worms and Cut Worms on Sugar Cane in the Hawaiian Islands. Rept. Exp. Sta. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., Div. Ent. Bull. 7, pp. 1-32.
4. Townsend, C, H. T., 1908. A Record of Results from Rearings and Dksec- tions of Tachinid~. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser., No. 12, Pt.
VI, pp. 93-118.
A QUESTION OF SYNONOMY.
BY C. S. LUDLOW,
Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.
For some time an Anopheline found in the eastern tropics has been accumulating names in a most unfortunate way, and as the mosquito is proxTen a very active carrier of malaria, and I myself am partly to blame for this multiplication of names, it seems fit I shodd try to untangle the synonoiny.
When the study of Philippine mosquitos was in its infancy there was sent in to me an Anopheline which, according to the only authority available at the time,l seemed to be Anopheles funestus Giles. This anopheline is common in the Islands and was early seen to be so usually collected in connection with the report of malaria that in l9Og2 I noted "is taken always when malaria is present or prevalent" and this was so conspicuous that I stated 66
one specimen in a collection is enough to lead to a suspicion 1 Giles G. M., Gnats or Mosquitos, 1st edition. 2 Ludlow, C. S., Mosquitos of the Philippine Islands, the Distribution of Certain Species, and their Occurrence in Relation to Certain Diseases. 1908.




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138 P8yche [August
that malaria is present, and even a small number of them is usually accompanied or immediately followed by new cases, the number (of cases) depending largely on the prophylactic control of the station."
Nothing occurred to suggest to me that an error had been made in referring this species to A. funestus until the spring of 1919, when in discussing some Philippine mosquitos with Dr. Malcolm Watson, Chief Medical Officer, Estate Hospital Association, Klang, I?. M. S., who was in Washington at that time, he called my atten- tion to the fact that the dark species under consideration had a light ventral apical portion on the proboscis, and it seemed possible that it was an undescribed species. I gave Doctor Watson speci- mens of various Philippine mosquitos which he took to Mr. I?. W. Edwards (British Museum) for confirmation of my naming, and at once wrote me that what I had called junestu Giles was really christophersi Theob. In the meantime I published a description of the dark. specimens as Mgzomgia jluvirostris. Mr. Edwards also kindly wrote me in regard to the matter, saying there could be no doubt as to the naming of the species, es- pecially as Mr. Theobald's types in the British Museum were "for- tunately in good condition. The type of christophersi has two broad apical bands like your funesta.
On the other hand both
junesta Giles .and listoni Liston have female palpi with three narrow bands,'' and in a later letter writing in regard to specimens, I had sent him, Mr. Edwards writes " 'M. funestu Giles ' and ' M. jluvirostris Ludl. ' both, as yo11 suggest = christophersi." In preparing the manuscript of "Bulletin No. 4, Surgeon Gen- eral's Office" in 1913, as this species had heretofore been reported to the Medical Corps, U. S, Army as " M. junestu," it seemed wise to retain the name and Giles description and add a footnote ex- plaining the error which had occurred, and giving the correct name and synonomy, which, with the description of jlavirostris imme- diately following, it was believed would make the matter quite clear.
It was therefore a surprise to find Mr. Banks had redescribed this species as A, .febrifer and that Messrs. Walker and Barber in 1 The observations on which these statements were based began in 1901 and therefore cov- ered several years.
2 Banks, C. S., A New Philippine Malaria Mosquito. The Phil. Jour. s;., Vol. IX., Sec. D., No. 4, Aug. 1914,




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19151 Ludlow-A Question oj Synonomy 139
their Article "Malaria in the Philippines " had referred to its con- nection with malaria as if that were quite unknownml The foot- note at the end of this article is also definitely misleading as I did not suggest that christophersi =listmi, but showed that whatever else the synonomy might be, it did not include listoni. Dr. Marsha1 A. Barber sent me specimens of this mosquito for determination which reached me in beautiful condition, and there can be no doubt that it is the one I had wrongly referred to "fu- ne&.x," that is, it is unquestionably christophersi. The synonomy of this species as given by Mr. Edwards, and added to by myself and Mr. Banks is therefore- Anopheles (Myzomzjia) christophersi Theobald-alboapicalis Theobald, manggana Banks, funesta 1,udlow non Giles, jlavirostris Ludlow, febr(fer Banks.
The re-naming of this species by Banks is the more interesting because of the extreme amount of malaria among the Mangyans and that Mgzomgia mangyana Banks was described in connection with a recognition of that condition.
In regard to Anopheles rossi Giles. As used by Banks it includes at least three forms-Mpowzyiu 1udZou)i Theobald, Myzomjiu indej- inita Ludlow, Myzomyiu purungensis Ludlow, and is therefore nearly as confusing in the reduction of names as is the multiplica- tion of names in the species previously considered. It is easy to collect data concerning the relationship of these species, which have probably been more or less mis-compre- hended.
Mr. Edwards writes me, in regard to specimens I had sent him marked "M. rossi or indefinita?" "I think I mentioned to you my conclusions on this subject but am not sure. They are that indef- inita is a variety of rossi representing it in the Philippines and Malaya, the true rossi not, occurring further east than India and Ceylon. These specimens, like all I have seen from the Philip- pines, are indejkita."
Christophers says that though N. ludlowi rather closely resembles Nsm. rossi the "eggs of the two species are quite dis- 1 Walker, E. L. and Barber, M. A., Malaria in the Philippines. The Phil. Journ, Sc., Vol.
IX., See. B., No. 5, Sept. 1914,
2Christophers, S. R., Malaria in the Andamans. Sci. Mem. by Off. of Med. and San. Dept,~., God. of India (new series), No. 56.




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