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Psyche 2:65-79, 1877.

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PSYCHE.
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLEB EDITED BY GEORGE DIMMOCK AND B. PICKMAN MA&N. VoI. 11.1 Cambridge, Mass., Sept.-Oct., 1877. [Nos. 41-42. Descriptions of some Larvae of Lepidoptera, respect- ing Sphingidae especially.
In this article is given a list, as full as the time and means now at my disposal allow, of the descriptions hitherto published of the larvze of North American Sphingidae, together with a few descriptions, now publishd for the first time, of larvm of Sphingidae and of other moths.
It is due to Mr. W. V. An-
drew, the author of some of the new descriptions, to say that he put some of his descriptions into the hands of the editors more than a year ago, and their publication has been delayed through no fault of his.
The descriptions whicli are contained in the monograph of the Sphingidae published by Bracke~lridge Clemens in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Pliiladelphia, iv (1859), are reprinted in the Synopsis of the described Lep- idoptera of North Ainerica, i (1862), compiled by J. G. Mor- ris for the Smithsonian Institution. As the latter publication is the more accessible, it is referred to here to the exclusion of the references to the original monograpll. The following named works have been consu1ted (with others) in the preparation of this list, and are referred to by the abbreviations prefixed.
Abb. -The natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia (1797), Can. Ed.- Canadian Entomologist, 701. i-ix (1868-1877). Hy. Xdw.-Henry Edwarcls' Pwific Coast Lepidoptera, Nos. i-xxiii (1873-1877). Haw. Ins. Inj. Veg. - T. W. Harris' Treatise on some of the insects injurious to \regetation (ed. of 1862).
Ham. Ent. Cory.-T. W. Harris' Entoinological Cowespondence (1869). Ham-. Sphinx.-T. W. Harris' . . . Catalogue of the North American . . . Sphinx . . . , in the American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xxxvi (1839). Lintn. Ent. Contr. -J. A. Lintner's Entomo~ogica~ Contributions, Nos. i-iii (1673-



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1876) and another (1677), in the 23d, 24th, 26th, 27th Annual Reports on the New York State Museum (1E69-1873).
[The pagination of No. ii is that of the Reports.] Morr. -Brackenridge Clemens in J.
G. Morris' Synopsis of the . . . Lepidoptera of North America, part i (1862).
Pr. E. S. Ph. -Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, vol i-vi (1861-1867).
Riley.-C. V. Riley's Annual Reports on the . . . Insects of . . . Missousi, i-ix (1869-1877),
Streck. - Herman Strecker's Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres . . . , Nos. i-xiii (1872-1876).
Trans. A. E. S. - Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. i-vi, p. 128 [containing nothing upon this subject]. Sphingidae.
Description of the bb annule ts " arid position of '
stigmata, by Lintner, in Ent. Contr., ii (1873), 109. Sphinx sp. incogn.
Brief and imperfect description of young larva, by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., iii (1864), 670. Mr. Lintner writes that the larva liere described is not that of a Sphinx, but of Notodonta dktaeu, for which see his Ent. Contr., No. iv, to be pub- lished soon.
Sesia dt$nis.
Figure of 8phinx fuc$ormis, in Ahb., pl. 43. Description of Abbot's figure, in Harr. Sphinx, 308-309. Brief description in Morr., 149. Good description, by T. L. Mead, in Can. Ent., ii (1870), 157-158. Excellent descrip- - tion of mature larva, by Lintner, in Ent. Contr., ii (1873), 109-110.
Sesia bufaloensis. Full description of larva in five stages, by Lintner, in Ent. Contr., ii (1873), 112-113. Sesia tenuis (Hemarig tenuis Grote) .
Length 35 mm. Green, wit11 eight black stigmata1 points. The ante- rior edge of first thoracic segn~ent a little r~iised, studded with a double series of deep yellow tuberculate points. Venter deep reddish purple, shading to blackish laterally over the feet. Anal horn black, pointed, yellow on the sides at base, studded with blunt tubercles. Head above
green; first thoracic segment tuberculate; the surface of the rest of the body is transversely wrinkled. Feeds on Snowberry [Symphoricarp~~s]. (A. E. GroLe, Febr., 1878.)
Sesia thysbe.
Brief description, by E. Do~~bleday, in Harr. Ent. Cow., 129, from an unpublished figure of Sphinx pelasgu8, by Abbot. Full description, by Lintner, in Ps. E. S. Ph., iii (18641, 646.
P~oserpinus gaurae.
Figure of Sphinx gaurue, in Abb.,
pl. 31.
Descr. of Abbot's figure in Morr., 154.




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Thyreus nessm.
Brief descr., -by W. V. Andrews, in Can. Ent., ix (1877), 29.
The same descr., sent to PSYCHE in
November 1876, is stated to have been based upon three examples.
Thyreus abbotii.
'' Figure, by Abbot, in Swainson's Zoolog- ical Illustrations, part i (1821), pl. 60." Descr. of Abbot's
figure, in Harr. Sphinx, 307.
Full descr., discriminating the
two sexes, in Morr., 156 ; others, by Riley, ii (1870), 78-79, and figure of full-grown larva, fig. 54 ; others, by Lintner, in Ent. Contr., ii (1873), 114-116. Brief descr., especially of young, in Harr. Ent. Corr., 284, and figure of full-grown larva, pl. iii, ffg. I.
Evidence, by C. P. Whitney, in Can. Ent., viii (1876), 76, supported by A. R. Grote, in 1. c., 100, that ,
the supposed sexual distinctions are not reliable.* Bnyo lugubri~. Figure of Sphinx lugubris, in Abb., pl. 30. Descr. of Abbot's figure, in Harr. Sphinx, 307 ; also in Morr., 162.
Deidamia inscripta.
Exceedingly brief descr., from mem-
ory, by J. Akhurst, in Streck., xiii (1876), 112. Beilephila chamaenerii.
Very brief descr., in Harr. Sphinx,
305 ; same copied, in Morr., 165 ; anotlier, by G. J. Bowles, in Can. Ent., iii (1871), 145. Full descr., by Lintner, in Pr. E, S. Ph., iii (1864), 661 ; fuller, as '' a supposed new spe- cies," by T. G. Gentry, in Can- Ent., vi (1874), 41-42 ; an- other, by Wm. Saunders, in Can. Ent., ix (1877), 64, 67. Beilephila lineata.
Figure of 8phinx lineata, in Abb., pl.
39.
Good descr., in Harr. Sphinx, 304 ; essentially the same, in Morr.,'l64-I65 ; another, by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., iii (1864)) 662 ; others, including varieties, by Riley, ii (1871), 141-142, and figures of two varieties, fig. 61, 62. Riley's descriptions, falsely marked as a quotation, 'eproduced, by Saunders, in Can. Ent., ix (1877), 64, with Riley's figures, fig. 4, 5. Full description of D. daucus = lineata, and of a variety by Hy. Edw., xvi (1876), 2-3.
Philampelus &is.
Figure of Sphinx vitis, in Abb., pl. 40. Descr. of Abbot's figure, in Him. Sphinx, 299 ; also in Morr., 179.
Philampelus satellitia.
Very brief' descr., in Harr. Sphinx,




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300 ; still briefer, in Harr. Ins. Inj. Veg., 325; fuller, in Morr., 177.
Brief descr., by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., iii (1864), 659-660. Best descr., by Riley, ii (1870), 76-78, and fig~~res of young larva and of full-grown lama at rest and extended, fig. 52.
Mature larva olivaceous, deepest in tint on the inferior and lateral sur- faces of' the sepents bearing prolegs; upper surface of the abdon~inal segments, and especially of the middle segmentsl of a pale rosaceous color, merging into green next a narrow, indistinctl pale latela1 band; a dark dorsal stripe on the abdominal scgn~ents. A little in front of the middle
of the spiracles of' the third to the seventh abdominal segnwnts is an irreg- ularly ovoid pearly white spot, wl~icll extends from the anterior ,border of the segment to a little past the middle, trends backward and downward, and is bordered narrowly with black; the other spiracles are slaty blue, tipped above and below with white. Third tlloracic and first to second abdominal segments with a few irregularly disposedl distinct black dots a little in advance of the middle of the segments. On the summit of the eighth abdominal segment is a nearly circular coral-red spot, wit11 a large black pupil, bluntly pointed anteriorly, squarely docked and bordered wit11 white posterio~*ly, surrounded by a narrow black border, and this by a slightly ragged, narrow white edging. Head and prolegs uniform hrownish green.
Length when at rest 66 nm.; headtll I2 nlm. Feeds on Anplop- sis qz~inquejolia. Collected in Connecticut. (Described in 1862.) * (S. 11. Scudder.)
Philampelus achemon.
Figure of ~Yphinx crantor, in Abb.,
pl. 41.
Very brief descr., in Harr. Spllinx, 300 ; still briefer, in Ham. Ins. Inj. Veg., 325, and figure of larva extended, fig. 150. Brief descr. of young and fuller descr. of mature larva, in Morr., 178. Good descr. of mature larva, by Lint- ner, in Pr. E. s. PI:., iii (18641, 660-661. Not very good figure of larva at rest, in Harr. Ent. Corr., pl. iii. fig. 11. Excellent descr., by Riley, ii (1870), 74-75, and figure of larva at rest, fig. 49. Full descr. of young and later stages, by Lintner, in Ent. Contr., ii (18731, 117-118. Choerocampa tersa. Figure of hkhinx tersa, in Abb., pl. 38. Descr. of Abbot's figure, in Harr. Sphinx, 303-304 ; aho, in Morr., 172.
Darapsa versicolor.
Mere indication, in S treck., xiii (1876), 114.
Exceedingly brief descr., by G. W. Peck, in Can. Ent., viii (1876), 239-240.
Darapsa choerilus.
Figure of green and of piid< larva of




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Sphinx azaleae, in Abb., pl. 27. Descr. of Abbot's figwes, in Harr. Sphinx, 302 ; also in Morr., 168. Brief descr., by Har- ris, in Ent. Corr., 283-284.
Darapsa myron, alias Choerocampa pampinatrix. Figure of
Sphinx pmnpinatrix, in Abb., pl. 28. Good descr., criticizing Abbot's figure, in Harr. Sphinx, 302. Brief descr., in Harr. Ins. Inj. Veg., 326, and small figure of parasited larva, fig. 152. Poor colored figure of larva at extreme period of readi- ness for pupation [i. e., as usual, pink], in Harr. Ent. Corr., pl. i, fig. 10.
Good descr., in Morr., 169.
Excellent descr. of
young and mature larva, by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., iii (1864), 663 ; similar descr., apparently based on Lintner's, by Riley, ii (1870), 71-72, and excellent figure of full-grown larva, fig. 44. Brief descr., by Saunders, in Can. Ent., iii (1871), 66, copying Riley's figure, fig. 25. ~Ymerinthus astylus. Very brief descr., in Streck., viii (1873), 56. Good descr. of caudal horn, by G. W. Peck, in Can. Ent., viii (1876), 239.
Smerinthus myops.
Figure of Sphinx myops, in Abb., pl.
26.
Descr. of Abbot's figure, in Harr. Sphinx, 291 ; another, in Morr., 208.
Very brief descr., in Streck., vii (1873), 56. Note on variations, by G. W. Peck, in Can. Ent., viii (1876), 239.
\
Smerinthus excaecatus.
Figure of Sphinx excaecata, in Abb.,
pl. 26.
Very brief descr,, in Harr. Sphinx, 290 ; same, ex- cept the words "larva granulated," in Morr., 209, together with very brief descr. of young larva and of Abbot's figure. Full descr., as an undetermined Smerinthus, by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., iii (18641, 666. Very-brief descr. by Strecker, vii (18731, 55.
[If the crimson markings in Abbot's fig~~re are replaced by yellow, the above descriptions agree in all except the color of the caudal horn, The larva described as S. excaecatus, by Lintner, in I. c., 665, is that of S. geminatus. For both these statements see Lintner, Ent. Contr., ii (18731, 127.1 Smerinthus ophthalmicus.
Descr. of young and excellent
descr. of mature larva, by Hy. Edwards, xvi (1876), 3. Smerinthus geminatus.
Full descr., erroneously as S. excae-




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catus [which see], by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., iii (1864), 665. Excellent descr. of larva in five stages, by Lintner, in Ent. Contr., ii (1873)' 1 I9-lX Partial transcription of Lintner's later descr., by Streeker, vii (1873)' 57. Smerin'thus sp.
Good descr., by E. B. Reed, of an unde-
termined Smerinthus, in Can. Ent., i (1868), 40-41, which, as Saunders says, 1. c., " corresponds very nearly to that of the larva of Smerinthus excaecatus, by Mr. Lintner " [i. e., S. gem- inatus].
This description is too good t@ lose, especially as it is associated with the mention of a remarkable habit, that of emitting a singing noise when dis- turbed, and contains some characters not attributed to any other Smerin- thus larva referred to in this article, viz.: the paler green color of the back of the head, the semi-transparency of the anterior segments, the central elongated black patch on the anal plate and the paler under surface, with a darker central line. Its special point of agreement with S. geminatus consists in the presence of a reddish spot at the apex " of the head, gem- inatus having the two superior granulations on the head of an orange color; but both geminatus and excaecatus have a subdorsal thoracic line, while none such is attributed to Reed's larva or to Cressonia juglandis in the descriptions. Comparing the description of Reed's larva with those of S. excaecatus, S. geminatus and C. jugland's, and representing these four species respectively by the letters R, E, G and J, we find that all four are green, and thickly granulated, with a lateral stripe on each side of the green and granulated head [head pale reddish brown, in J, according to Clemens], and seven oblique stripes on each side of the green body, the granulations being larger by the side of the stripes. The head of R, G and J is large and triangular, that of G rising above the first segment and being flattened, that of J with the longest diameter twice that of the first segment and with quite pointed apex, while that of E does not rise above the first segment and is semi-conical; it is of a deep shining green color, with a reddish spot at the apex, and is paler green and granulated behind the stripes, in R; green, having the granulations within' the lateral stripes larger than those without, in E; pale or apple-green, granulated in pale green anteriorly and in whitelaterally and having within the lateral stripes a row of larger rounded granulations increasing in size to the apex, where the two supe- rior ones are papilliform and of an orange color, in G; and light green [pale reddish-brown, Clem.] in J: its lateral stripes are yellow in R, bright yellow and straight in G, pale yellow [Clem.] in J, but are, in E, "whitish or light green " [crimson, Clem.], " bordered by darker green posteriorly, commencing anterior to the ocelli, curving slightly, and uniting at the apex;" the body is apple-green in R, E and J, the anterior segments being semi-transparent in R, the body very pale dorsally in E, pale green, whit-



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ish dorsally, in G, and pale in J; the under surface is slightly paler than the upper, with a darker central tine, in R, while the green color is deeper below the stigmata in E and G; the seventh lateral obSique abdominal stripe is broader than the others and ends at the base of the caudal horn, and the oblique stripes are pale or faint, in 3% and E, these stripes bring faint greenish yellow, the central stripes with a reddish tinge, in R, pate yellow, the seventh brighter, in E and G, and lighter green than the body, approaching white [crimson, edged beneath with pale yellow, Clem. 1, i$ J; in G, each of these stripes occupies about three-eighths of one segment, the whole of the next and six-eighths of the third, beingstraight on the cen- tral segment and curved posteriorly on the following one, "not angled at the incisure, - having within them a granulation on each annulation (eight to the segment)," while, in E, these stripes, in the first six segments, begin 'at the margin of each somewhat below the Sower portion of the stigma, traversing two segments in lines slightly concave anteriorly, forming an angle at the ineisure - sometimes continued on a third segment, nearly reaching the vascular line," the seventh stripe beginning "on the posterior portion of the ninth segment on the sub-stigmata1 flexure, and continued in nearly a straight line to the horn," the granulations of the seventh stripe being elongated into papillse, and, in J, these stripes are made the more conspicuous from the increased size of the granulations toward the broadest part of the stripe, "each annulation adding to it a single granulation, ex- tending over two Beponta and nearly reaching to the vascular line ;" E has a "aubdorsd thoracic line, pale yellow, extending over the second and thin1 segments nearly horizontally, and on the fourth, curving upward and terminatinpear' the vascular line," while G baa the ~ubclursal thoracic line yellow, granulated with pearl-white, papilla larger than those in the stripes, beginning on the anterior of the first segment, diverging from the dorsum as it proceeds, and uniting at the sixth [or seventh] annulation of the fourth segment with the first Literal" stripe; the granulations of the body are small and greenish yellow in R, pointed and white in G, white [pale yeliow, Abb.] in J, and small, white-tipped, and more conspicuous on the anterior segments in E; the caudal horn is at an angle of 20å¡ re- curved backwards, purplish red and thickly granulated in R; nearly straight, 6 mm. long, violet [rose-colored, yellow laterally, and often yellow tipped, Lintn., 18841, and acutely granulated in G; straight, 2.5 mm. 'long, green, and broad at its base in E; and slender, 5 mm. long [brownish, with blackish apiaules, Clem,], quite rough with numerous acute granula- tions, which are more prominent than those of the body, in J: the anal "~anulations on each
pEate beam a central elongated black patch with larger- side, in R; is of a darker green, concolomus with the ventral region and is granulated, in G; and is light green, studded with conspicuous white gran- ulations, in 33: the stigmata arc small, round. and dull red, in R; and red, except the first, which is orange, in G: the feet are pale green, spotted with iwl, and the prolegs greenish, eemi-transparent, in B; are dark reddish



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72
brown in J, and are roseate and brown, the prolegs green, in G: the legs, at tips, are rose-color, in E ; the length of R is 38 mm., that of G, 31-50 nm., and that of E, 63 mm., with a breadth of 10 mm.; the mandibles of R are black; the maxillae of E, within black; the labrum of E, rose-color. The food-plant of R (Fagus) is more closely related to those of J (Os- trya, Carp, Juglans) than to the food-plants of either E (Acer) or G (? Prunus, P Pyrus, Fraxinus, ? Ulmus, Salix). Harris, in Ent. Corr., 281, mentions the squeaking habit of the larva of C. figlandis. Smrinthus modestus. Very brief descr. of the larva in six stages, by R. Bunker, in Can. Ent., ix (1877), 210-211. Length about 40 mm.l; stout.
Color, after first moult [this seems to
correspond to the second nloult, as described by Bunker], very dark green, with yellowish pnulations, which form, on third and fourth segments, a sort of crest. A yellowish subdorsal line along each side of the dorsum. The seven sloping side lines slightly yellow; the seventh or anal line, run- ning from the fourth proleg to the anal horn, thickly granulated. Anal horn yellow. Feet yellow, tipped with pink. As the larva matures, all the yellows become white, the body becomes pale green, and the anal horn nearly disappears. Breathing holes edged with red. Head triangular, with heavy granulations. Feeds on Poplar (Populus) in July and August. ( W. V. Andrews, September, 1877.)
Cressonia juglandis.
Figure of Sphinx juglandis, in Abb.,
pi. 29.
Descr. of Abbot's figure, and very brief other descr. of Smerinthus juglandis, in Harr. Sphinx, 292 ; brief descr. of same, in Morr., 213 ; additional characters, by Clemens, quoted by Grote and Robinson, in Pr. E. S. Ph., v (1865), 187. Good descr., by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Pli., iii (1864), 668. Brief descr., by Harris, in Ent. Corr., 281 ; another, briefer, by Strecker, vii (1873), 54.
Ceratomia quadricomis. Good descr., in Harr. Sphinx, 293 ; another, brief, in Harr. Ins. Inj. Veg., 323-324, and a good figure, fig. 149; another, in Morr., 205. Very brief descr. of young larva, by Harris, in Ent. Corr., 282 ; another, as 0. amyntor, by C. S. Minot, in Can. Ent., ii (1869), 28. Excel- lent series of descriptions of the several stages, deserving, like many of the subsequent descriptions of larva? by the same author, to rank as a classic model, by Lintner, in Pr. E. S. Ph., Mr. Andrews? writes as follows, under date of Jan. 18, 1878: "For myself I ear- -
nestly protest against any metrical terms being used in any thing you may be pleaseil to publish from my pen, and if you choose to use the jargon in my papers, I should like you to note my protest."




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i (1862), 286-290.
Brief mentions of the brown coloration of some larvae, by W. V. Andrews, in Cm. Ent., viii (1876), 40, and by R. Bunker, in 1. c., 120.
Daremma undzdosa.
Length about 75 mm. ; rather slender, smooth. Color of the back and
about half-way down the sides a beautiful bright green; under parts dull green. The. seven sloping side lines yellowish white. Breathing holes pink or lilac. Head bordered with pinkish white. Legs lilac. Anal horn tinged with lilac. Feeds on Lilac (Syringa.) and Privet (Ligustrum) in June and July.
( W. V. Andrews, December, 18 76.)
Diludia jasminearum.
Brief descr. of Sphinx jasminearum,
by Strecker, xiii (1876), 116.
Diludia catalpae.
Brief descr. of an undetermined species
of Sphinx, by E. Doubleday, in Harr. Ent. Corr., 127-128, from an unpublished figure by Abbot. Mr. A. R. Grote says, in a letter dated Febr. 1, 1878 : " The larva on Catalpa, p. '1 27, is figured and described by Boisduval, Sphing., pi. ii, figs. 1 (imago), 2 (larva), as Sphinx catalpae Bd., from Abbot's drawings. The species has not yet been sen in our cabinets." Boiscluval's figure is mentioned by Strecker, xiii (1876), 120. Pseudosphinx tetrio. '' Beautifully figured," by F. Poey, in his Centurie de L4pidopteires de l'ile de Cuba, Dec. ii (1832) ; descr., by H. Burmeister, in his Systematische Uebersicht der SphingiJae Brasiliens [ex Abhandl. Naturf. Gesellscl~. Halle, iii (l856), Sitzungsb., 58-75], 8 ; brief descr. of caudal horn, by Poey, quoted by Grote and Robinson, in Pr. E. S. Ph., v (1865), 65, - from which source the above citations are taken. Brief descr. of Poey's figure, in Morr., 185. Macrosila rustica.
Figure of Sphinx chionanthi, in Abb.,
pi. 34. Brief descr. of Abbot's figure, in Morr., 187. Macrosila [Sphinx] carolina. Figure of S. carolina, in Abb., pi. 33.
Exceedingly brief descr., in Harr. Sphinx, 294. Figure, in Harr. Ins. Inj. Veg., 322, fig. 146. Brief descr., in
Morr., 189-190 ; others, in Harr. Ent. Corr., 282-283. When first from the qg the head is smooth, and covered with rather short sparse hairs, which also clothe the last two segments of the body, otherwise smooth; the caudal horn is very finely serrate. At its next stage the larva has lost its smooth appearance, the head and body being covered with rough points, while the caudal horn has become thorny; there are but



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few hairs upon the body, and these are mostly confined to the terminal segment and the head, where they are much shorter than in the first stage. When 25 mm. long, the hairs have entirely disappeared, excepting one or two on the terminal segment, which are directed backward; as in the earlier stages the larva is green, but hitherto the markings are confined to a dusky streak along the back, largest on the front of each segment, and a fainter streak along the middle of the sides: now the markings of the full grown larva first appear; until this period also, the spiracles have been testaceous with pale green borders: now they are black, with a faint purplish areola. When 45 mm.'long, the head loses its rough points, and its surface becomes obscurely shagreened; the spiracles again become testaceous, or of a pale straw-color, surrounded by a ring of jet black, and this again by purplish, which also is indistinctly edged with black. These peculiarities continue until the final stage, excepting that the edges of the stigmata1 openings become dark, and the purplish annular ring, as well as the outer indistinct black bordering, become proportionally broader. The full grown larva is green (of varying shades), with a moderately nar- row oblique white stripe, bordered above with dark brown, crossing the 1-8 abdominal segments at an angle of 45' from below upwards, starting at