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Psyche 14:27-39, 1907.

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HOSTS OF INSECT EGG-PARASITES IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA.
THE following compilation of the hosts of the insect egg-parasites is made for several reasons, the most important of which is the labor which it saves by bring- ing together the much scattered rearing records of these insects. Other reasons are the importance of egg-parasites as a class, the aid given in identifying the parasites of any one host, and the interest which a compilation of this kind is likely to stimulate in the minds of economic entomologists for whom this list is primarily intended. The list considers the parasites from the standpoint of the host only, and it is not meant to bring out any important biologic facts concerning them, which should be considered rather in a list of the parasites and their hosts or host relations. Mainly, it answers but one question, "What parasites attack the egg of Carpocapsa pornonella, or other insect ?" It is complete up to the end of the year 1906, and includes none but true, internal parasites of the egg, insects that pass their entire life-cycle within the egg of another insect excepting as adults. Insects that prey on the eggs, such as Pimpla, Anthomyia, Sarcophaga, Eunotw, often called egg-parasites, are not considered as such, and are therefore ignored; and parasites that oviposit on or into the egg, becoming fatal during some phase of postembryonic development of the host, through polyembryonic development, are also excluded, being considered parasites of the larva or pupa as the case may be. I consider Platyqaater herrickii Packard a case in point.
The hosts are arranged alphabetically according to order, genus, and species, merely for the sake of convenience. A query preceding the parasite listed under any host, questions the record in one way or another; insects of doubtful generic position are enclosed within quotation marks New records are preceded by an asterisk. References to the literature are given in the most convenient way possible, - - -
and the nomenclature and synonymy are according to the latest authorities. In-
complete records are entirely omitted in the list, excepting in the case of a few impor- tant or suggestive ones. The record of the rearing of Abkrus clisiocampae Ashmead from the eggs of Malacosoma americana Fabricius has been proven to be undoubtedly incorrect, but in order to point out this mistake in as forcible a manner as possible, I have thought it wise to include it in the list of parasites of that host, there calling attention to the error. In this way, I doubly insure attention being drawn to the mistake. Anopedius error Fitch, erroneously recorded from the eggs of Nabis Psii-ht 14:27-19 (1937). hup //psyche einclub org/14/14-027.htd



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ferus Linnaeus, is treated in a like manner; it is a larval parasite of certain Diptcra. And attention is also directed to the record of Elasmus albicoxa Howard from eggs of Basilarchia archippus Cranwr, more or less discredited by both Howard and Ashmead (the latter, in lift.); and to the erroneous record of Hadronotus leptocorisce Howard on Leptocorisa tipuloides DeGeer (Ashmead, 1887 b, p. 119; id., 1893 a, p. 231). Polyneura (Webster, 1903, p. 33) should be Polynema, so Mr. Webster informs me.
The list requires no further explanation. Our knowledge of egg-parasites does not compare favorably with that of the parasites of the larva.
But for the writings of Howard, Ashmead, and Riley and Howard, the recorded rearings would be very meagre indeed. It is mainly through
the efforts of the two former, that so much is now known of this most important class of insect parasites, and we are at the present day much more advanced in this respect than are our European neighbors. Egg-parasites arc not difficult to rear, and being, perhaps, the most potent enemies of many of our injurious insects, it is desirable that greater care and more thoroughness be taken in rearing work; so that on account of their minute size, they are not overlooked.
In connection with this list, I mention some of the insects which are known to be hosts of egg-parasites, the latter still unknown. In the Lepidoptera, Anisota rubicunda Fabr., Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linn. (Europe), Junonia coenia Hiibner, Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, Megathymus yuccce Boisd. et Leconte, Paonius excae- catus Smith et Abbot, Thorybes pylades Scudder, and Vanessa cardui Linn. have been recorded as being attacked by egg-parasites. Among the Hemiptera is Serinetha trivittata Say; the hymenopterus genus Hylatoma is probably attacked by the eulophid Hyperteles hylatomae Ashm. (Ashmead, 1888, Canadian Ent., XX, p. 105) ; while certain Odonata (Howard, 1901, Insect Book, p. 366) are also recorded to be hosts of egg-parasites. A species of "Trichogramma" probably attacks Hemerobius (Howard, Hymenoptera, in Stand. Nat. Hist., Boston, p. 511). The insect egg-parasites of the Americas are all hymenopterous, as far as we know definitely at the present time. The majority of them belong to the super- families Chalcidoidea (mostly the families Trichogrammidae and Mymaridae, and the following : - the family Torymidae < Podagrion only > ; Euryt omidae < Riley- ini, - hfacrorileya and Neorileya > ; and the Encyrtidae < Eupelminae,- Eupel- mus, Anastatus; Encyrtinae,- O&ncyrtus, Dinocarsis > and Proctotrypoidea (mostly the Scelioninae, comprising Phanurus, TeJenomus, Trissolcus, Aradophagus, Prosacant ha, Caloteleia, Baryconus, Macroteleia, Cacus, Hadronotus, Idris, and Scelio in the tribes Telenomini, Teleasini, and Scelionini respectively, and the sub-



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family Ceraphroninae < Ap hanogmus only > . Outside of these two superfarnilies,
certain of the Evaniidae (namely Evania) of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea are also egg-parasites of the true insects, the cockroaches. The most prominent and common of the genera of egg-parasites are undoubtedly Trichogramrna and Telenomus, and of the species, Trichogramma pretiosa Riley is foremost, attacking no less than eleven or more hosts. Telenomus graptae Howard follows as the second most common species, attacking six hosts. Other genera and doubtless families in the Chalcidoidea and Proctotrypoidea will be found to be parasitic on the eggs of American insects when we become more advanced in our knowledge of them. In Hawaii, for example, such has been found to be the case (Perkins, 1905, p. 200 et al; 1906), and also in Europe in a few cases. The foregoing enumeration of parasitic families and genera, therefore, cannot be said to be restrictive.
The
known hosts of egg-parasites in continental North and South America comprise the following orders as listed: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymen- optera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera, and in addition the Odonata. The families attacked in each order, where numerous, are widely separated, and in this respect the parasites seem to have very little choice. In order of being most attacked, in number of species, the Lepidoptera are first, then the Orthop- tera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Hosts and their parasites.
Coleoptera.
Host Parasite.
Attelabus bipustulatus Fabricius Poropoea species Chlaenius impunctifrons Say Prosacantha caraborum Riley
Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst Anaphes conotracheli Gi- rault
Fidia viticida Walsh Brachista fideae Ashmead Fidiobia flavipes Ashmead
Odontota dorsalis Thunberg Trichograrnma odontotae Howard
Pityopthorus consimi?is Leconte ? Aradophagus jasciatus Ashmead
querciperda Schwarz ? Aradophagus fasciatus Ashmead
Scarites subterraneous Fabricius Prosacantha caraborum Riley
Tachypterus (Anthonomus) quad- ? Gonatocerus anthonomi rigibbus Say Girault
Authority.
Hopkins, 1905, p. 132.
Ashmead, 1893a, pp. 180, 191,
451.
Girault, 1905, Ent. News, XVI,
p. 220.
Webster, 1896, p. 69.
Slingerland, 1906, p. 93.
Chittenden, 1902, p. 82.
Ashmead, 1893a, p. 166.
Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 512.
Cf.
Ashmead 1893a, p. 166.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.
Girault, 1905, Ent. News, XVI,
p. 289.




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ou ~SYC'H&' [April
Tabanus atratus Fabricius
Anasa tristis DeGeer
A piomerus spissipes Say
Arilus cristatus Linnaeus
Brachyrhynchus granulatus Say
Brochymena arborea Say
species (on currant)
Ceresa bubalus Fabricius
Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus)
Dysdercus suturellus Herrick-
Sch.
Euschistus fissilis Uhler.
servus Say
tristigmus Say
Euthoctha galeator Fabricius
Diptera.
Phanurus tabanivorus Ashmead, 1895, pp. 274-275. Ashmead
Eupelmus reduvii Howard Ashmead, 1887a, p. 190. Hadronotus carinatifrons Girault, 1904, Ent. News, p. Ashmead 336.
Hadronotus rugosus
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.
Howard
Hadronotus anasae
Howard, 1888, p. 129.
Ashmead
Ooencyrtu,~ anasae
Chittenden, 1899, p. 26.
Ashmead
Hadronotus species
Morgan, 1907, p. 54.
novem.
* Anastatus giraulti
Girault, MS. notes, 1903.
Ashmead MS.
Eupelmus reduvii Howard Howard, 1880, Can. Ent., XII, p. 208.
* Ooencyrtus johnsoni
Girault, MS. notes, 1905.
Howard
Aradophagus fasciatus Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 512. Cf. Ashmead Ashmead, 1893a, p. 166.
Trissolcus brochymenae
Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 512.
Ashmead
Telenomus perplexus
Girault, 1906, Psyche, XIII, p.
Girault 66.
Trichogramma ceresara
Ashmead, 1888, Can. Ent . XX,
Ashmead p. 107.
Polynema (Cosmocoma)
Riley, 1894, p. 215.
species novem.
? Trichogramma flava
Ashmead
? Hadronotus rugosus
Howard
* Trissolcus euschisti
Ashmead
Trissolcus euschisti
Ashmead
* Trissoleus euschisti
Ashmead
? Hadronotus rugosus
Howard
Howard, 1888, p. 131.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.
Discredited by Ashmead,
1893a, pp. 232, 451.
Girault, MS. notes, 1905.
Ashmead, 1893a, pp. 162, 451.
Girault, MS. notes, 1905.
Ashmead, 1893a, pp. 232,45 1.




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19071
GIRA ULT - HOSTS OF INSECT EGG-PARASITES Homalodisca triquetra Fabricius
Icerya purchusi Maskell ,
Largus succinctus Linnaeus
Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus)
Liburnia species
Metapodius femoratus Fabricius
Murgantia histrwnica Hahn.
Nabis ferus Linnaeus
Pentatoma ligata Say
sayi St%l
Podisus modestus Dallas
Podisus maculiventris Say
Thyantha custator Fabricius
Tibicen septendecim Linnaeus
Zelus bilobus Say
longipes Linnaeus
Ìà
Ooctonus homalodiscae Sanderson, 1906, p. 51. Ashmead
? Phanurus opacus Ashmead, 1893a, p. 142. Howard
? Alaptus iceryae Riley Riley, 1888, Ins. Life, I, p. 130. Hadronotus largi Ash-
Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 498.
mead
? Anuphes gracilis
Howard, 1888, p. 130.
Howard
Anagrus columbi Perkins Perkins, 1905, p. 198. Hadronotus floridanus
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.
Ashmead
Ooencyrtus johnsoni Johnson, 1900, p. 21. Howard
Trissolcus murgantiae Morgan, 1897, pp. 140, 141,159. Ashmead
podisi Ashmead
? ~no~ed&s error Fitch
Telenomus ashmeadi
Morrill.
Telenomus podisi Ash-
mead
Hadronotus species nov.
? Telenomus dimmocki
Ashmead
Telenomus podisi Ash-
mead
Trissolcus podisi Ash-
mead
? Trissolcus thyantae
Ashmead
Trissolcus thyantae
Ashmead
A phanogmus floridanus
Ashmead
Lathromeris cicadae
Howard
Hadronotus leptocorisae
Howard
Hadronotus leptocorisae
Howard
Riley, 1880, pp. 196-197. Cf.
Ashmead, 1893a, p. 291.
Morrill, 1907, p. 10.
Ashmead, 1893a, p. 451. Cf.
ib., p. 159..
E. Potts, 1891, Ent. News, 11,
pp. 53-54.
Dimmock, 1897, p. 148.
Ashmead, 1893a, p. 159.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.
Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 512.
Cf.
Ashmead, 1893a, p. 163.
Ashmead, 1893a, p. 163.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 123.
Queried by Ashmead, 1893a,
p. 451.
Howard, 1898, Can. Ent., XXX,
pp. 102-103.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.
Cf. Ashmead, 1893a, p. 231, &
1887 b. p. 119.
Ashmead, 1887b, p. 119.




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PSYCHE
[April
Hymenoptem.
A nthophorabia species
Caliroa (Selandria) obsoleta
Norton
Eriocampoides limacina Retzius
(= Selandria cerasi Peck)
Isosoma captivum Howard
grande Riley
hordei Harris
tritici Fitch
Pachynematus palliventris
Cresson
Pteronus ribesii Scopoli
Aglais milberti Godart
Alabama argillacea Hubner
Alsophila pometaria Harris
Anosia plexippus Linnaeus
Automeris io Fabricius
Autographs brassicae Riley
Basdarchia archippus Cramer
Bellura gortynides Walker (=
densa Walker)
Packardiella putnamii Packard, 1880, p. 202. Packard
Tricfwqramma minuta Morgan, 1897, pp. 144, 159. Riley
' Encyrtus " species
Marlatt, 1897, p. 6.
? Oligosita americana Webster, 1903, p. 35. Ashmead
? Oligosita americana Webster, 1903, p. 22. Ashmead
Oligositaamericana Webster, 1903, p. 33. Ashmead
Polynema ((?) Polyneura)
citripes Ashmead
? Olqosita americana Webster, 1903, p. 22. Ashmead
? Trichogmmma pretiosa Fletcher, 1893, p. 159. Cf. Riley Riley
& Howard, 1893, p. 289.
Trichogramma pretiosa Howard, 1888, p. 124. Riley
Lepdo ptera.
Trichogramma interme-
dia Howard
Trichogramma pretiosa
Riley
(' Platygaster )' species
* Tslenomus gnophaelae
Ashmead
Trichogramma interme-
dia Howard
Eupelmus species
Trichogramma pretiosa
Riley
Trichogramma minuta
Riley
Trichogramma rninutis-
sima Packard
? Elasmus albicoxa
Howard
Telenomus arzamae Riley
Scudder, 1889, I, p. 429.
Riley, 1879, Can. Ent., XI, pp.
161-162.
Riley. Packard & Thomas, 1883,
p. 176.
Girault, MS. notes, 1905.
Howard, 1889, p. 1895.
Howard, 1891, p. 568.
Howard, 1888, p. 124.
Fletcher, 1893, p. 160
Scudder, 1889, I, p. 279.
Howard, 1885, p. 30. Cf. id.,
Ins. Life, IV, p. 253.
Ashmead, 189Sa, pp. 158, 450.




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19071 GIRA ULT - HOSTS OF INSECT KGG-fAKAA'17'å£,'C <3a Calpodes ethilius Cramer
Carpocapsa pomonella
(Linnaeus)
Chlorippe clyton Boisduval &
Leconte
Datana interregima Grote &
Robinson
ministra Drury
Diacrisia virqinica Fabricius
Euvanessa antiopa Linnaeus
Gnophaela latipennis Boisduval
Heliothis obsoleta Fabricius
Hemerocampa leucostigma
Smith & Abbot
Heodes hypophleas Boisduval
Heterocampa bilineata Packard
Hyphantria cunea Drury
textor Harris
Ianassa lignicolor Walker
Laphygma frugiperda Smith &
Abbot,
(' Trichogramma " species,
A chalcid
Trichogramma pretiosa
Riley
Telenomus rileyi Howard
Telenomus gossypiicola
Ashmead
Eupelmus species
Telenomus spilosomatis
Ashmead
Telenomus graptae
Howard
Telenomus gnophaelae
Ashmead
Telenomus heliothidis
Ashmead
Trichogramma pretiosa
Riley
Trichogramma pretiosa
nigra Girault
Telenomus orgyiae Fitch
TrWhogramma fraterna
Fitch
Trichogramma org yiae
Fitch
Telenomus graptae
Howard
. Telenomus graptae
Howard
Telenomus bifidus Riley
Trichogramma species
Telenomus bifidus Riley
Trichogramma pretiosa
Riley
Trichogramma pretiosa
Riley
Malacosoma americana Fabricius ? Ablerus clisiocampae Ashmead
Cockerell, 1892, Ent. News, 111,
p. 79.
Slingerland, 1896, p. 70.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 123.
Morgan, 1897, pp. 149, 159.
Howard, 1891, p. 568.
vide Dimmock, 1885, p. 279.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 123.
Bruner, 1890, p. 103.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 123.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 123.
c/. Mally, 1893, p. 25.
Howard, 1888, p. 124.
Girault , 1906.
Riley, 1887a, p. 32. Cf. How-
ard, 1897, pp. 7, 30-31,
52, & Hulst. 1889, p. 205.
vide Packard, 1890, p. 265.
Dalla Torre, 1898, p. 3.
Scudder, 1889, 11, p. 1008.
Howard, 1894, p. 280.
Riley, 1887b, p. 531.
Bruner, 1890, p. 43.
Riley & Howard, 1891, p. 124.