Article beginning on page 210.
Psyche 10:210-215, 1903.

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210 PSYCHE [Oct.- Dec.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE OALL-WASPS AND THE PARASITIC CYNIPOIDS. OR THE SUPERFAMILY CYNIPOIDEA. IV; BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, A. -\I., KC. D.. ASSISTANT CURATOR. L-. St NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The members of this tribe form galls only on the Roseworts {JR.osac.eae}, and apparently, so far as the records go, will attack no other order of plants, the rose (Rosa) and the bramble (RZL~ILS) especially being subject to their attacks ; they show some affinity with the AuZacini, some of which also form galls on the Rosace~ but these latter are easily distinguished by the venation of the front wings and by abdo- minal differences, the hypopygi~~m not being prominent or acutely pointed as in the former, while the second segment is usually n~uch shorter. Walsh, deceived by the statement of a farmer, described his genus Tribalia as forming galls on the potato Solanurn tuberusurn, but these torn out to be root- galls on rose, closely resembling a potato. The genus is very closely allied to Rhodztes Hartig and has been rechristened recently by Abbe Kieffer under the name of Lytoy-hodites.
I. Front wings with the marginal cell open along the front margin . a 2 Front wings with the marginal cell completely closed . 3 2. Mesonot~im usually siibopxcp, finely punctured or coriaceous, with distinct parapsidal furrows, the middle lobe usually with a median impressed line posteriorly ; sc~~tellum rugulose, without distinct foveae at base ; antennae 14-jointed in both sexes, the third joint in the 2 not longer than the 4th and 5th united , Tribalia Walsh
= Lytorhodites Kieffer
(Type T. batatorurn Walsh.)
3.
Antennae 14-joinled in both sexes, the third joint very long, subclavate, in f longer than the 4th and 5th united . . Rhodites Hartig (Type Cynips rosae Lime.)
This tribe is probably the smallest known or at least not many species have as yet been discovered, and these confine their attacks to the Mapleworts (Sapindaccan).



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No species is yet known from America, but a more careful search for galls on our numerous species of maples will probably show that we have representatives. The European species form galls un the leaves of her pseudoplatanus I.. and fall into a single genus, which may be recognized by the following characters : - Marginal cell open along the front margin, the first abscissa of the radius angulated or su-b-ang~ilatecl, the areolet distinct; thorax smooth, shining, with distinct, complete parapsidal furrows ; scutellum somewhat elevated on the disk and higher than the mesonutnin, the elevated disk is flat or has a slight median depression, either smooth or punctate; antennae in agarnous $ 11;-
or 16-jointed, in sexual form 14-jointed in ? and 15-jointed in if, the third joint scarcely as long as the scape and pedicel united, but longer than the fourth . . Pediaspis ~ischbcin
= Bathyaspis Forster
(Type P. sohi Tiscl~h.)
At present this tribe is not well represented in genera and species, but prob- ably will be found to be fully as large as the tribe Cynip/f< since its known mem- bers attack several orders of plants and it ncccssarily follows that tlierc n~nst be many genera and species still discoverable. The known species form galls on he Koseworts (Rosaceae), the Poppyworts (Papaveracem), the Crucifers (Cruciferacm"), the Mallows (Malvaceae), the Su- macs (Aizacam'ia~~e), the Asterworts (Cumfo.r7tmrae), the Heathworts (Erzkzceae), and the Figworts (So-ophztla-f'iaceae).
Sixteen genera are already known which may be recognized by the use of the following table : -
I. Marginal cell closed along the front margin . 2 Marginal cell open along" the front margin. First abscissa of the radius curved, the apical branch of the subcostal vein straight ; parapsidal furrows sharply defined, complete ; antennae in 9 13-1~-jointed, the third joint shorter than the fourth or no longer, in /? 14-jointed. . , Aulacidea Ashmead
(Type Anlax mulgidiicola Aslnn.)
First abscissa of the radius almost straight, the apical branch of the sub- costal vein curved ; parapsidal furrows incomplete or vaguely, indis-



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PSYCHE [Oct.- J)ec.
tinctly defined posteriorly; antennae in 9 13-jointed, the third joint longer than the fourth, in f IS-jointed. . . Phanacis Forster (Type P. centaureae Forst.)
3. Areolet in front wings entirely absent, or at most with only one side present . . 11
Areolet in front wings distinct, triangular. Areolet not lying directly beneath the origin of the radius .
5
Areolet lying directly beneath the origin of the radius or at least its base is on a line with the origin of the radius. Scutellutn at base distinctly bifoveated, the foveae separated by a carina . . 4
Scutellum at base without foveae, but with a transverse furrow, the bottom of the furrow being finely streaked. , .
1 horax coriaccous, wit11 indistinct parapsidal furrows ; ai-eolet very delicate, nearly obsolete ; antennae in 9 Solenozopheria Ashmead
(Type S. vaccinii Ashm.)
4.
Scutellum in outline conical or pyramidal ; mesopleura on lower half coarsely sculptured, the disk with some striae; antennae in $ 13-jointed, the third joint distinctly longer than the lourth, in f 14-jointed Gonaspis Ashmead (Type Diastrophus scutellaris Gillette.) Scutellun~ normal, rounded or obtuse behind, never conical or pyramidal; mesonoturn smooth, not longitudinally striated, the parapsidal furrows dis- tinct; antennae in 9 14-jointed, in 8 15-jointed. Diastrophus Hartig ' (Type D. rubii Hartig.)
5.
Mesonotum perfectly smooth and shining, with the parapsidal furrows distinct, or at least sharply defined posteriorly . , . 6 Mesonotum not perfectly smooth and shining, shagreened, coriaceous, finely punctate, or longitudinally striated . 7 6.
Antennae in 9 13-jointed, in f 15-jointed, the third joint not longer than the fourth ; scutcllum rugulose ; nietathoracic carinae absent Xestophanes Forster . . (Type Cynips potentillae Retzins.) Antennae in 9 and f 14-jointed, the third joint a little longer than the fourth; scutellnm almost smooth ; metathorax with two parallel, widely sepa- rated carinae . . Gillettea Ashmead
(Type G. taraxaci Ashm.)
7.
Mesonotum not longitudinally striated, either shagreened, coriaceous, or very closely finely punctate, with the parapsidal furrows distinct . 8
Mesouotum longitudinally striated, with the parapsidal furrows very short and indistinct.




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Antennae in $
14-jointed ( 8 unknown), the second joint longer than the third, the latter longer than the fourth ; claws finely denticdate Pantelliella Kieffer
(Type P. fedtschenkoi Kieffer.)
8. Head oblong, longer than wide . . 10
Hea-d normal, transverse.
Foveae at base of scutellum of moderate size, neither large, triangular, nor deep . 9
Foveae at base of scutellum large, deep, and triangular, extending to the middle of the scutellum.
Antennae in 9 13-jointed, the third joint somewhat shorter than the fourth, in
3 14jointed, filiform, the third joint shorter than the fourth . . , Isocolus Forster
I = Eubothrus Forster
(Type Diastrophus scabiosus.)
9.
Antennae in 9 13-jointed, the third joint distinctly shorter than the fourth, in f 15-jointed, filiform, the third joint a little longer than the fourth Pseudaulax Ashm. gen. nov.
(Type Cynips hieracii Low.)
Antennae in 9 14--jointed, the third joint usually as long as the fourth, in f 15-jointed, the third joint not longer than the fourth . Aulax Hartig
(Type Cynips rhoeados Douche.)
10. Antennae in 9 13-jointed (8 unknown) ; scutellum ovate, tuberculate Cecconia Kieffer
(Type Aulax valerianellae Thomson.)
I I. First abscissa of the radius straight, or very nearly, not angulated or curved ; mesonotum coarsely coriaceous or shagreened, opaque; head bulging out behind the eyes, the cheeks longer than the eyes . . . 12 First abscissa of the radius curved or subangulated ; mesonotum smooth, shining, or at the most alutaceous; head not bulging out behind the eyes, the cheeks shorter than the eyes.
Antennae in $ 13 or 14-jointed, the third joint not shorter than the fourth, usually a little longer, in 8 14-jointed . . Liposthenus Forster (Type Aulax glechomae Hartig.)
I 2. Middle mesothoracic lobe with a distinct median grooved lice its entire length or only vaguely defined anteriorly; foveae at base of scutellum not very distinct ; third joint of antennae much longer than the fourth . '3 Middle mesothoracic lobe without such a grooved line, at the most with only a short grooved median line posteriorly; foveae at base of scutellum dis- tinct ; third joint of antennae shorter than the fourth.



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214
PSYCHE [Oct.- Dec.
Antennae in 9 14-jointed, the third joint shorter than the fourth, in 8 15-jointed ; second abdominal segment not occupying much more than half the length of the whole surface of abdomen Antistrophus Walsh (Type A. pisum Walsh.)
Antennae in 9 13-jointed, the third joint much shorter than the fourth, in (^ 14-jointed, the fourth joint much longer than the third; second abdominal segment occupying fully two thirds the whole surface of the abdomen dorsally, but ventrally it is much shorter Asclepiadipliila Ashmeacl . . (Type A. stephanotidis Ashm.) 13. Antennae in 9
14-jointed, the third joint very long, nearly twice as long as the second ; second abdominal segment large, occupying about four fifths the whole surface of the abdomen . , Timaspis Mayr (Type T. phaenixopodos Mayr.)
Thc members of this tribe attack plants belonging to the order Zegziminoseae. Not many species are known and these fall into a single genus, Eschatacertts Mayr, described from South America. I have, however, an unclescribed species from California and 1 suspect when our sensitive plants, milk-vetches and our many other leguminous plants are carefully examined tor galls, many other genera ancl species will be discovered.
The tribe is easily separated from the others by the antennae being inserted high up on the face above an imaginary line drawn from the apex of the eyes, ancl by peculiarities ot venation. The single genus may be characterized as follows : - Front wings with a callosity at the union of (.he l~asal nervure with the median vein and another along the first abscissa of the radius, the areolet being obliterated and the cubilus originating from this callosity ; hypopygium plow-share shaped, without a prominent spine; antennae in 9 13-jointed, the third joint about equal to the fourth. in $ 14-jointed, the third joint a little longer than the fourth . . Eschatocerus Mayr (Type E. acaciae Mayr.)
Subfamily 111.- Ibaliinae.
This group is quite distinct from all others in the venation of the front wings, in having the abdomen long and very strongly compressed, cultriform or knife shaped, and in the totally different shape of the legs, the hind tibiae being very long, longitudinally furrowed, with two apical spurs, while the basal joint of the



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hind tarsi is somewhat thickened and abnorma,lly lengthened, being nearly twice as long as joints 2-5 united. It shows some affinity with the figitidae, and particu- larly with the subfamily Liopterinae, and may yet be classified with that family, its members being genuine parasites, but with quite different hosts from those of the Figitides. In Europe, Mr. Andre has bred Jlialia lezicospoides Hochenwarth from a Horn-tail, Sirex s'ts.as L., while in America, Mr. W. Hague Harrington has ascer- tained that Ibalia maczdifennis destroys the larvae of Tremexcolumba L. and X$hy d'ria albico~nis Harris. In the Riley Collection is a single specimen of Ibalia maculipennis labeled, "So. 111. bred from Hickorywoocl, June 4th, 1875,"so that probably the group attacks any member of the supci-family Siricoidea, and is there- fore of great economic importance.
The single genus known may be recognized by the following characters : - Thorax coarsely, transversely rngulose; J'ront wings with the marginal cell long, narrow lanceolate and usually closed ; antennae in $ 13-jointed, filiform, in 8 14-jointed, the third joint excised beyond the middle . Ibalia Latreille
(Type Ichneumon leucospoides Hochenw.)
Addenda. Abbe J. J. Kieffer has characterized two genera not included in my genera of the Onychiinae, Psyche, vol. 10, p. 11. In order that these genera may not be overlooked I give below a revised table of the genera: - I Scutellum net spined . 2
Scutellum spined S
2. Marginal cell clo~ed, more or less, at the base ; hind tibiae without longitudinal ridges . 3
Marginal cell open at the base and along the front margin; hind tibiae with longitudinal ridges . 4
3. Mesonotiun smooth, polished, with two distinct furrows, without carinae; scutellurn wit/iout a median longitudinal carina; marginal cell closedalong the front margin ; petiole of abdomen smooth. . Homalaspis Giraud Mesonoturn scabrous, with three longitudinal carinae; scutellum with a median longitudinal carina ; marginal cell open along the front margin ; peti- ole of abdomen turrowed . . Lambertonia Kieffer (Type L. abnormis Kieffer.)
4.
Scutellum 'withmt a channel throughout and without transverse ridges Tavaresia Kieffer
(Type T. carinata Kieffer.)




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2 J 6 P.5 Y C m [kt.- Dec.
Scutellum with a deep channel tliro~ighout and with transverse ridges Onychia Haliday
5.
See my table from 2 for the other genera. Abb6 Kieffer in Wytsman's Genera Insectorurn, Fam. Cynipidae, p. 9, has incorrectly included Solenasjis Ashm. with the Onychizkae; it is a genuine Figithe .and not an Onychiine.
SOME APHIDS ASSOCIATED WITH ANTS.
BY WILMATTE PORTER COCKERELL, COI.ORAD0 SPRINGS, COL. The species of Lasius which occur here attend both aphids and mealy bugs in large numbers and great variety. During the past two years my husband and I have made somewhat extended observations on the behavior of the ants toward their captives and upon the distribution both of the ants and their prisoners. We are indebted to Dr. Wm. M. Wheeler for the identification of the ants. The species of ants studied make their nests under flat stones. In this climate
the ants are active during the most of the winter, and live in the corridors under the stones, except in very severe weather, when they retire into their subterranean chambers carrying their aphids and coccids with them. In the long droughts to which this region is subject the ants are obliged in most places, to live far under- ground, and after such a siege the number of aphids and coccids is small. In the summer, which is the rainy season, the ants' nests are often greatly extended and large chambers are made about the roots of plants. FORDA KINGII, sp. nov.
9 Body oval or ovate, gray drab to greenish with sutures inconspicuous. Head not
.distinct from the rest of the body; eyes small but distinct. The whole body including antennae is sparsely hairy. The cauda is a distinct rounded tail decidedly hairy on the end. Legs as in Tyckea lasii,
Antennae five jointed, short, and slender ; first and second joints subequal, third about three times as long as second, fourth about as long as second, fifth with a short cylindriczd spur about one half the diameter of the segment and including spur only slightly longer than the fourth. Sensoria distinct.
Length of antenna1 joints (I) Go (2) Go (3) 13s (4) Go
(5) 78 + 12 V-
HAB. -Found in nests of Lasizis daviger, L. flavzts, Formica so., L, ameri- ~ m s , at Lawrence, Mass., Andover, Mass., Methuen, Mass. Collected by Mr.
George B. Kinpvho writes :
"feed on roots of grass in ants' nests under stones ; young are brownish."




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