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Psyche 10:59-72, 1903.

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'g031 ASHMA-A D : - CYNIPOIDEA 5 9
CLASSIFICATION OF THE GALL-WASPS AND THE PARASITIC CYNIPOIDS, OR THE SUPERFAMILY CYNIPOIDEA. 11. BY WILLIAM H. ASHMEAD, A. M., ASSISTANT CURATOR, U. S. YATIOXAL MUSEUM. Subfamily IV. - Liopterinae.
1894, Liopterinae, Subfamily IV, Ashmead, Proc, ent. soc. Washington, vol. 3, P. 17.
This group was first recognized as a subfamily by the writer about ten years ago, and I am surprised therefore, to see that Dr. von Dalla Torre takes credit for it in Wytsman's Genera Insectorurn, Family Cynipidae, received January 27, 1903. He, and some other writers, placed the group in the subfamily ANACHARINAE, but its resemblance to that subfamily is merely superficial, the attachment of the abdo- men, the abdomen itself, and the antennae being quite different. In the publication quoted above I suggested that the group was probably an ancient phylum of the Cynipidae whence originated some of the Chalcidoidea, CHALCIS, EURYTOMA, etc. Since the suggestion was made additional evidence sup- porting it has been found in the African genus OBERTH~RELLA Saussure, occurring in Madagascar and Liberia, a genus belonging to this group, not mentioned by Dalla Torre or by Kieffer, and which has the hind femora slightly swollen and armed with a tooth beneath, similar to some chalcidoids. 1 Head and thorax coarsely rugose ; marginal cell closed Scutellum normal, not ending in a spine ; hind femora unarmed .
2
Scutellum ending in a long, acute spine; hind femora armed with a strong tooth beneath, before the middle; 9 antennae 13-jointed, f 14- jointed. (Africa.) , . . Oberthiirella Saussure. (Type 0. lenticularis Sauss.)
z.
Discoidal nervure interstitial with the median nervure ; antennae 13-jointed,
8 ~ejointed . . Liopferon Perty,
(Type L. compressurn Perty.)
Discoidal nervure not interstitial with the median nervure but issuing from the transverse median nervure ; 9 unknown, ff antennae 13-jointed, clavate Peras Westwood.
(Type P. niger Westw.)
Psit-he 10:050-73 (HUB). hup-Jtpsychc mtcluborg/lWlO-OOSI hld



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PSYCHE
[April '
Subfamily V. - Eucoilinae.
1861.
Eucoilidae, Familia, Thornson, Ofvers. vet. akad. forlil. no. 9, p. 397. 1869.
Eucoeloidae, Familie 4, FOrster, Verh. zoo1.-bot gesell. Wien, vol. 19, p. 329, 341-
This group is without doubt the largest and most widely distributed of any in the family Figitidae, the genera and species being- exceedingly numerous although but little studied. As soon as the attention of entomologists is directed to the collecting of these obscure wasps and especially in tropical countries we may expect the discovery of many new genera, as is clearly shown by the new genera described here, most of which were recognized in a small collection of these insects taken by Mr. Herbert FI. Smith in South America. The subfamily is at once recognized by the cup-like elevation on the scutellum and by the hind tibiae having two apical spurs, characters not found in any other group.
Females . I
Malcs . . 61
I. Metathorax normal, not produced, the abdomen at most subsessile- (Tribe I1 Eucoilinac.) . 3
Metathorax produced into a long neck, the length of the hind coxae, the ahdo- men abnormally petiolated, the petiole being long and slender, longer than the thorax. (Tribe I. Zamischini.) . . 2
2.
Body of abdomen not large, compressed ; 9 antennae long, 13-jointed, thickened toward apex, slender basally, the third joint shorter than the fourth. (Brazil.)
Zamischus Ashmead, gen. nov.
(Type Z. brasiliensis Asliin.)
3. Base of abdomen with a hairy girdle . . 15 Base of abdomen bare, without a hairy girdle Mesonotum with parapsidal furrows . 4
Mesonoturn withoiit parapsidal furrows . 9
4. Parapsidal furrows distinct to ba.se of scutellum , . 5 Parapsidal furrows not distinct to base of scutellum, converging and meeting before reaching the scutellum, thence to base of scutellum as a delicate carina ; cup of scutellum large, marginal cell closed ; antennae 13-jointed Eucoilidia Ashrnead
(Type E. canadensis Ashm.)




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5.
Parapsida! furrows converging and meeting at the base of the scutellum 6
Parapsidal furrows almost parallel, or some distance apart to the base of the scutellum . 7
6. Marginal cell dosed along the front margin . GI-onotoina FOrster (Type G. sculpturata Forst.)
Marginal cell open along the front margin . . Uiglyphosema Forster (Type I). eupatorii Forst.)
7. Marginal cell often along the front margin . . 8 Marginal cell closed along the front margin Cup of scutellar large, rounded, its disk concave; antcnnae 13-jointed, long, subfiliform, only slightly and gradually thickened towards apex Microstilba FOrster
(Type M. bidentata Fbrster)
8.
Mesonotum with five carinae ; cup of scutellum large, o&l or rounded : anten- nae 13-jointed, filiform, joints 4-12 long oval. (South America.)
1'ropic!eucoeIa Aslini., gen. nov.
(Type T. rnfipes Ashm.)
Mesonotum without carinae; cup of scutellum large; antennae 13-jointed, without a distinct club . . Disorygma FOrster (Type D. divulgata Forst.)
9. Marginal cell open along the front margin . . 30 Marginal cell closed along the front margin . . 33 I . Scutellum normal, unarmed . . 11
Scutellum abnormal, armed with two horns behind Antennae 13-jointed, ending in a 6-jointed club Dicerataspis Ashmead
(Type D. grenadensis Ashm.)
I I.
Antcnnac ending in an abrupt club, which is three or more jointed .
12
Antcnnae at most subclavate, without a distinct, abrupt club Ectolyta I"' ^orster
(Type Cothonaspis incressata Thorns.)
I , Club of antennae 3-jointed . . Triplasta Kieffer (Type Kleidotoma atrocoxalis Ashm.)
Cup of antennae 5-jointed . . I'entaplasta Kieffer (Type Pentacrita coxalis Ashm.)
3 . Antennae ending in a distinct, abrupt club. . 14 Antennae without a distinct club . Erisphagia FOrster (Type Encoila curta Gir.)




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62 PSYCHE [.4pri1
14. Club of antennae 5-jointed (rarely 6-jointed) Apex of front wings entire
Psilosema Kieffer
Ì Cothonaspis Thornson Forster
(Type C. pentatoma Thorns.)
Apex of front wings emarginate or excised . Schizosema Kieffer (Type Eucoila emarginata Hartig.)
15.
Front flings at apex emarginate or excised; apical abscissa of the submarginal vein stout, quadrate, at the most only a little longer than thick . . 16 Front wings at apex entire, never e~nargiuate or excised although sometimes shortened and truncate ; apical abscissa of the submarginal vein slender, not stout, always two or more times longer than thick 23
16. Marginal cell open along the front margin . . 17 Marginal cell closed along the front margin Club of antennae 6- or 7-jointed . . . Leptopelina Forster (Type Eucoila longipes Hartig.)
17. Antennae ending in a distinct, abrupt club . . . 18 Antennae filiform or subfiliform, not ending in a distinct club Arhoptra Kieffer
(Type Eucoila melanopoda Cam.)
18. Club of antennae more than -{-jointed . . 20 Club of antennae 3-jointed
Scutellum normal, not produced into a beak at apex . 19
Scutellum abnormal, produced into a beak or horn at apex; funicle joints 2-7 small, moniliforn~ . . Rliynchacis F'orster (Type Cothonaspis niger Hartig.)
19. Wings extending far beyond tip of abdomen . . Kleidotoma Westwood ==Trirhoptrasema Kieffer 1
(Type K. psiloides Westw.)
20. Club of antennae more than .+jointed . . 21 Club of antennae 4-jointed . . Tetrarhoptra FOrster (Type T. tetratoma Forst.)
21. Club of antennae more than 5-jointed . . 22 Club of antennae 5-jointed , . Pentacrita FOrster (Type Kucoila cordata Gir.)
22. Club of antennae &jointed . Hexacola Forstel- (Type Kleidotonm hcxatoma Thorns. = Hexacola picea Fbrst.) ~-
1Kieffer proposes tins genus for my Kleidofoma. americana, which, however, is a true /<hidotoma, I am probably
responsible for the Abbe's error by describing through a lq3susfinnae the marginal cell as being closed, when it is really more or less oprn along the fore mmgin.




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Club of antennae 7-jointed . . Heptameris Forster (Type Eucoila pygmea Thorns.)
23. Wings abbreviated and much narrowed . 24 Wings not abbreviated, fully developed and always extending far beyond the tip of the abdomen . . 28
24. Club of antennae less thanzy-jointed . . 25 Club of antennae 7-jointed , . Nedinoptera FOrster (Type Eucoila holophila Thomson)
25. Metapleura bare, without a hairy cushion . . 26 Metapleura covered with a hairy cushion
Marginal cell not fully developed, the first abscissa of the radius alone present, or longer than the second when the latter is present Glauraspidia Thomson
(Type .G. parva Thomson.)
Marginal cell fully developed, the first abscissa of the radius shorter than the second . . Apistophyza Forster
(Type Eucoila microptera Hartig.)
26. Wings extending at least to the middle of the abdomen, and usually with a marginal cell . 27
Wings not extending beyond the base of the abdomen, and with0-1tt a marginal cell ; club of antennae 3-jointed . . Aphyoptera Forster (Type A. inustipcnnis Forster)
27.
Wings shorter than the abdomen, the marginal cell closed Agroscopa Forster
(Type A. helgolandica Forst.)
Wings as long as the abdomen, the marginal cell present but open along the front margin; club of antennae 5-jointed . . Aphiloptera FOrster (Type A. anisomera Forst.)
28. Antennae 11-, 12-, or 13-jointed . 29 Antennae 14-jointed
Wings bare, glabrous . . Macrocereucoila Ashmead (Type M. longicornis Ashm.)
Wings pubescent ciliate
Antennae filiform, without a distinct club, the third joint longer than the fourth . . Episoda Forster
(Type E. xanthoneura Forst.)
29.
Antennae I 1-jointed,$Z'/orm (South America.) Promiornoera Ashm., gen. nov. (Type P. filicornis Ashm.)
Antennae 12- or 13-jointed




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PSYCHE [April
Antennae 12-jointed . . .. 3O
Antennae 13-jointed . 32
30. Marginal cell closed along the from margin 31 Marginal cell open along the front margin . Iclion~orpha Forstel- (Type I. mclanocera Forst.)
31.
Cup of scutcllum large, rounded, the whole disk impressed or concave ; anten- nae filiform, the third joint the longest, or without an abruptly defined club Miomoera Forster
(Type M. aberi-ans Forst.)
Cup of scutellum large oval, the whole disk not impressed, anteriorly flat, posteriorly with a fovea, with small punctures bordering the margin ; anten- nae ending in an abrupt 7-jointed club . . Paramiornoera Ashmead (Type P. heptoma Ashm.)
32. Marginal cell closed along the front margin . . 33. Marginal cell ofen along the front margin . 50 33. Wings pubescent, the margins fringed or ciliated , 34 Wings bare, glabrous, not pubescent or ciliated Antennae subfiliform not ending in a distinct club, although slightly thickened toward apex, the third joint a little longer than the fourth Eucoila Wejtwood.
= Psilodora FOrster
(Type E. crassinervis Westw.)
34.
Abdomen not unusually compressed, the hypopygium not prominent ; second joint of the flagellum usually shorter than the first, rarely as long or a little longer 36
Abdomen usually strongly compressed at the sides, the hypopygium most frequently prominent, plow-share shaped; second joint of the flagellum always distinctly longer than the first.
Scutellum ending in a spine , 35
Scutellurn normal
Antennae long, without a distinct club . UypoletIisia Foi-ster (Type Cothonaspis nlelanoptera Hartig.)
35.
Antennae long, gradually thickened toward apex, the third joint only about two thirds the length of the fourth, 4 to 6 long, cylindrical (South America.) Odonteucoila Ashmead, gen. nov.
(Type 0. chapadae Ashm.)
36. Scutellum not ending in a spine . 37 Scutellum ending in a spine
Antennae long, gradually thickened towards apex, the third joint much shorter than the fourth . . Odontoeucoila Ashmead



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37.
Flagellar joints all long and cylindrical, the last 7 or 8 joints, however, are sometimes stouter and form sometimes a more or less well defined club ; first abscissa of the radius distinctly shorter than the second . - 38 Flagellar joints not all long and cylindrical, some oblong oval, ellipzoidal, or moniliform . 40
38. Scutellum normal, the cup not modified into a carina . 39 Scutellum abnormal, the axillae acutely toothed posteriorly, the cup modified into a carina which is gradually dilated posteriorly, appearing tridentate; antennae long, filiform, the flagellar joints long, cylindrical, the first joint of the flagellum not quite so long as the second (South America.)
Trissodontaspis Ashmead, gen. nov.
(Type T. rufipes Ashm.)
39.
Head and thorax finely coriaceous, not polished, the scutellum with two large oblong foveae at base, the cup narrowed ellipzoidal, connected with a carina ante- riorly ; antennae long, suhfiliform slightly and gradually thickened toward apex, the flagellar joints long, cylindrical, the first shorter than the second, third, or fourth which are about equal, the fifth and beyond a little thicker and shorter. (South America.) .
Dicucoela Ashmead, gen. nov.
(Type D. subopaca Ashm.)
Head and thorax smooth, shining, the scutellum with a large oval or round cup; first three joints uå flagellum much elongated, and slenderer than the following . . Aglaotoma YOrster
(Type Co[honahpis codrunus Forst.)
40. Mesonotum without furrows or lines . . 41 Mesonotum with furrows or grooved lines. Marginal cell rather short and broad, the second abscissa of the radius curved . . Chrestosema FOrster
(Type C. erythrapum Forst.)
41.
Cup of scutell~~m excavated, smooth in front, the anterior part closed, postc- riorly with a Iowa . . 42
Cup of scutellum flattened, neither excavated nor margined, slightly arched; metathorax smooth; antennae filiform . Ganaspis FOrster (Type G. mundata Forst.)
42.
Cup of scutellum not extending over the tip of the scutellum; antennae usually with a more or less distinct club . 43 . Cup of scutellum greatly elevated above the tip of the scutellum ; antennae , without a dis~inct club, usually long , . Psichara FOrster (Type Cothonaspis longicornis Hartig.)
43.
First and second abscissae of the radius not nearly cqd in length, the first most frequently much shorter than the second . 44



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P.5- YCHE [April
First and second abscissae of the radius equal in length or very nearly Antennae usually with a 7- or 8-jointed club, the joints elongate, cyliudri- cal, the first joint of the flagellum shorter than the second ; cup of scu- tellum usually small . , Rhoptromeris Forster (Type Cothonaspis eucera Hartig.)
44.
Marginal cell not short, much longer than wide , 45
Marginal cell rather short, hardly longer than wide, the second abscissa of the radius curved outwardly (South America.) Zaeucoela Ashmead, gen. nov.
(Type Z. unicarinata Ashm.)
45.
Antennae with an abruptly defined club ; cup of scutellum usually small, nar- rowed, ovate or ellipzoidal, rarely large oval . 46 Antennae withut an abruptly defined club, filiform or nearly, or only slightly, incrassated toward apex . . Pseudoeucoila Asl~mead, gen. nov. = Kucoila Auctore.
(Type Cothonaspis trichopsila Hartig.)
46. Club of antennae 7-jointed or less , 47 Club of antennae 8-jointed.
Flagellum with joints 2 and 3 very small, together scarcely as long as the first . . Dimicrostrophis Ashmead
(Type D. ruficornis Ashm.)
47. Club of antennae 6-jointed or less . . 48 Club of antennae 7-jointed.
Flagellum with joints 2 and 3 not small, neither much shorter than the first . Heptamerocera Ashmead
(Type H. rohusta Ashm.)
48. Club of antennae 5-jointed or less . 49 Club of antcnnae 6-jointed . . Hexameroccra Kieffer (Type Eucoila rufiventris Gir.)
49. Club of antennae 5-jointed . . Pentamerocera Ashmead. (Type P. angularis Ashm.)
Club of antennae 4-jointed . . Tetramerocera Ashinead (Type T. variahilis Ashm.)
so. Marginal cell closed at base, the apical abscissa of the submarginal vein distinct 51
Marginal cell open at base or confluent with the costal cell, the apical abscissa of the submarginal vein wanting
Second abscissa of the radius usually wanting or much abbreviated; scutellum at apex normal . . Adieris Forster (Type A. reclusa Erst.)




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Second abscissa of the radius distinct; scutellum at apex usually emargi- nate and obtusely bidentate . . Piezobria FOrster (Type P. bicuspidata Forst.)
Wings pubescent, ciliate . S2
Wings bare, glabrous, not ciliate.
Antennae 13-jointed . . Lytosema Kieffcr (Type Eucoila gu6rinii Dahlb.)
Abdomen not unusually con~pressed, the hypopygium not very prominent 53
Abdomen much compressed, the hypopygium prominent plowshare shaped; antennae long. subfiliform, the joints elongate; cup of scutellum narrowed, ellipzoidal : cubitus in front wings more or less distinct Pihnothrix Forster (Type P. designata Forst.)
Front wings with the cubitus wanting , 54 Front wings with the cubituspresent, distinct Antennae filiform without a distinct club . . Anectoclis Forster (Type A. indagitrix Forst.)
Antennae subclavate or clavate more or less thickened toward apex, the joints submoniliform , Cothonaspis Hartig = Trybliographa Forster
(Type Cothonaspis scutellaris IIartig.)
Cup of scutellum normal, not ending in a spine . . 55 Cup of scutellum abnormal, ending in a long spine Acantheucoela Ashmead
(Type Cynips armatus Cresson.)
Cup of scutellum not large . s6
Cup of scutellum large oval or rounded
Antennae clavate, the club not abruptly defined but more than 6- jointed . . Ih'ranchis Forster
(Type D. copulata Forst.)
Club of antennae distinct, abruptly defined, 3- to 7-jointed . 57 Club of antennae not abruptly defined ; cup of scutellum small, narrowed ellipzoidal; first two joints of flagellum very slender, shorter than the follow- ing . , 13ypodi1-anchis Ashmead
(Type H. hawaiiensis Ashm.)
Club of antennae 6-jointed or less . s8
Club of antennae 7-jointed . . Heptaplasta Kicffer (Type Heptamerocera aliena Ashm.)
Club of antennae j-jointed or less . 59




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68 PSYCHE [April
Club of mtemae 6-jointed . Hexaplasta FOrster - - Didyctium Riley
(Type Cothonaspis hexatonla Hartig.)
59. Club of antennae +jointed or less . , . . 60 Club of antennae 5-jointed . Pentarhoptra Kieffer (Type Eucoila tomcntosa Giraud)
60. Club of antennae 4-jointed . Tetraplasta Aslim., gem nov. (Type T. mica Ashm.)
Club of antennae 3-jointed , . Eutrias Forster I .
Metathorax produced into a long neck the length of the hind come, the abdo- men abnormally petiolated, the petiole long and slender, longer than the thorax Zamischus Ashm.
Metathorax normal not produced, the abdomen subsessiie. Abdomen at base bare, without a hairy girdle , . 62 Abdomen at base with a hairy girdle . . 73 Mesonotuin with parapsidal furrows . 63
Mesonotum without parapsidal furrows . . 68 Parapsiclal furrows distinct to base of scutellum 64 Parapsidal furrows not distinct to base of scutellu~n, converging and meeting before reaching the base of the scntcllum, thence to base as a delicate carina ; marginal cell closed ; antennae 15-jointed . . Eucoilidea Ashmead Parapsidal furrows converging and meeting at the base of the scutellun~ 65 Parapsidal furrows almost parallel or some distance apart to the base of the scutellum . 67
Marginal cell closed along the Iront margin ; cup of scutellun~ large ; antennae 15-jointed, the first flagellar joint longer than the second, excised towards base Gronotoma I'Orster
Marginal cell open along the front margin ; antennae 15-jointed Diglyphosema Forster
66. Marginal cell open along thc front margin . . 67 Marginal cell dosed along the front margin Cnp of scutellun~ large, rounded, its disk concave; antennae 15-jointed, the third joint longer than the second, strongly excised Microstilba Forster
67. Mesonotuin with 5 ca7-inae . Tropiiieucoela Ash~ncad Mesonoturn å´mit/m~ caiinae . Disorygma FOrster 68. Marginal cell open along the front margin . . 69 Marginal cell dosed along the front margin . . 71 69. Scutellum normal, unarmed . 70
Scutelkiin abnormal, armed with two horns behind Dicerataspis Ashmead



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Unknown ( 9 only known) . Triplasta Kieffer Pentaplasta Kieffe r
orster
Ectolyta I"'