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Psyche 10:7-12, 1903.

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CLASSIFICATION OF THE GALL-WASPS AND THE PARASITIC CYNIPOIDS, OR THE SUPKRFklbfILY CYNIl'OlI>EA. I. BY N'ILLIAM H. ASHUEAD, A. >I., ASSTSTANT CURATOR, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUN. In 1899, the writer separated the Hymenoptera into tm s~iperfa~nilies, viz. - (7) Apoidea, (2) Sphecoklea, (3) Vespoidea, (4) F'ormicoideal (5) Proctotrypoidea, (6) Cynipoidea, (7) Chalcidoidea, (8) Ichneur~~onoidea, (9) Siricoidea, and (I 01 Tentl~redinoidea, and all of these have been classified clown to genera, except the Formicoidea and the Cynipoidea.
During the year 1903~ in a series of papers in PSYCHE, I propose to give my views on the classification of the Cynipoidea, a large, natural group falling in between the Proctotlypoidea and the Cl~alcidoidea, and still imperfectly known in this country, altl~oi~gli well represented in genera and species. An excellent ~isz47d of the va1-ious schemes of classification proposeu for these insects by Hartig, Giraud, Thornson, F6rster, Wa1sh7 and others is given by Cam- eron in his Monograph of the British pliytopliago~~s Hymenoptera, vol. 3, p, 152 ; also by Kieffer in his Monographic des cynipides d'Europe et d1Alg6rie, vol. I, p. 5 I, so that I sliali not repeat them here ; they should be read by all interested in these wasps, as they show briefly the great progress made in the study and classifi- 'cation of these obscure insects, and how the nafz~m/g~uzs~s have been gradually evolved, until to-day they are firmly establislied, whether they be called tribes, sub- familiesl or fainilies.
Most writers on these insects consider that they represent but a single family, the Cynipidae, with many subfamilies. In my opinion, however, there are at least tze~o well-marked families, nearly as first pointed out by Hartig. one of these com- prises all the parasitic species ; the other, with the exception of a single gro~~p, the I~ah%zae, comprises the gall-makers and the gall-inhabiting species. The Ihaliiaae are, however, a peculiar group and may yet be elevated to family rank. The two families may be recognized by the use of the folfowing table : - Abdominal tergites meetin~a~or~~ the venter and entirely inclosing or concealing the sternites, at most with only a part of the hypopygium exposed, Family LVI 11. - Figitidae.
Abdominal tergites not meeting along the venter ; all or nearly all the sternites visible. Family LIX. - Cynipidae.




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PSYCHE
[February
Family LVIII, -- Figitidae.
This family is a most extensive one and well represented in North America. The species are numcrous and all, without a single exception, are parasitic. The
majority attack principally the 1a1mae of Diptera; a few, however, prey ~ p n aphides and coccicls; others attack the larvae of the lace-xinged flies (He~ncro- biidae) ; wllile otl~crs are said Lo pey upon beetle larvae. Several well-marked natural minor gronps may be recognized, as follows : - Abdomen ovate, compressed or subcon~prcssed, often longly petiolate, the apex usually pointed . I
Abdomen short, globose or subglobose, the second segment the longest . 5 I.
Scutellum not cupuliform, of ordinary shape or grooved, spined or cone- shaped, and usually foveate at base . . z Scutellum cupuliform, i. t., with a cup-like elevatio~~ on ith dlhc .
. 4
2,
Abdomen longly petiolated, the sccond segment usually somewlmt Lwg~ than the third . . 3
Abdomen sessile or subses~ile, or with a short petiole, the sec~mcl segment shof,te~ t1m1 the third.
Second abdominal segmeut no.? prolonged dorsally, as seen from the side, not tongue-shaped, . , Subfan~ily I. -Figitinae. Second abdominal segment p1-010nged dorsdly, as seen from the side, tongue-sl~aped. . . Subfamily 11. - Onychiime. 3.
Petiole attached to the metati~orax ~ior~nally, between the hind coxae.; fourth dorsal segment not longer t11an either the second or the third. Subfamily 111. - Anacl~arinae.
Petiole attached to the ~nctathorax far above the hind cmae; fourth dorsal segment much longer t11an either the second or the third. Subfamily IV. - Liopterinae.
4.
Second abdominal segment always the longest, exccpt in a 5ingle case, and i~sually occupying most of the surface of abdomen ; hind tibiae with tztw apical spurs. . Snbfamily V. - Eucoilinae.
5.
Scutellum rounded, smooth, collvex ; hind t~~iae with only o ~ e apical spur. Subfamily VI. - Xystinae = All~triinae.~



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Subfamily 1.- Eigitinae.
1869. Figitoidae, Familie 7 ($mth), Eorster, Verh. d. zool. bot. gesell. Wien, bd. 19, PP. 329 '% 363.
This snbfamily is quite distinct from all the other subfamilies here recognized except the Onychiinae with which it agrees in all particulars except in the shape of the second dorsal abdominal segment, the second segment being nor~ual and not produced dorsally, or tongue-shaped, as in the latter group. The shape of the scutellum easily separates it from the Encoilinae and the Xystinae (= Allotriinae), while Eso~n the Anacharinae and the Liopterinae it is dis- tinguished by the non-petiolate abdomen. I. Cheeks margined . . 2
Cheeks immargined . . 15
2. Eyes bare, rtot hairy . . 3
Eyes hairy or pubescent . . 6
3. Thorax opaque, very finely and thicldy puncvate, the parapsidal furrows com- plete , 5
rIl~orax smooth, polished, with distinct parapsidal furrows. Marginal cell closed . . 4
Marginal cell open.
Second abdominal segment bare at base; sculellum rugulose, bifoveate; Q antennae 13-jointed fililorni, the third and fourth joints equal. . Tsischiza Eorster
(Type Figites agaricolarun~ Dahlb.)
4. Second abdominal segment pubescent basally, especially at the sides ; scutellun~ rngosc ; areolet not close to the base of the marginal cell, 9 antennae 13-jointed Sarothrus Hartig
(Type S. areolatus Hartig)
Sccond abdon~inal segment base at base ; sci~tellum smooth ; areolet close to the base of the marginal cell; 9 antennae 13-jointed, 8 ~+jointed, the third joint longer than the fourth. . Melanips Haliday ('fype Figites urticeti Dahlb.)
5. Marginal cell closed; 9 antennae 13-jointed, 8 14-jointed, the third joint excised. . . Amblynotus Hartig
(Type Scytodes gsanulatus Hartig)




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I0 PS YCHB [February
6. Mesopleura no# separated from the mesosternum by a sharp, longitudinal ridge or carina . 7
Mesopleura separated from the mesosterni~m by a sharp, longitudinal ridge or carina . . 10
7. Scutellum rugulose, without a11 erect horn . 8 Scutellum smooth, polished, with a small crect horn posteriorly .
9
8. Second abdominal segmeut at base barc. 9 antennae 13-jointed, subino~~iliform, the joints longer than wicle, Pycnotrichia Forster
(Type Ji'igites urticari~m Dahlb,)
Second abdominal segment at base bal-e.
9 antennae 13-jointed, s~~lmmnilifor~n, the middle joints not longer than wide. . . I301norus Forster
('rype Figites abnornlis Giraud.)
9. Marginal cell closed ; y antennae 13-jointed. Thyi-eocera Ashmead ('l'ype Figites laevisct~tum Prov.)
I o. Marginal cell completely closed . 11 Marginal cell moi-e or less opcn along the for-e niargix . , I4 I I. Scutellum rugose, ~~undcd or obtuse at apex, ~ L L L uever ending in a spine 12 Scutellnm rugose, more or less carirate and ending in a long acute spine the spinc sometimes channelled . . I3
12. Hcad and thorax coarsely rugose ;
9 antennae 13-jointed, filiform, the joints long, cylindrical, the third shorter than the fourth ; abdomen compressed, the second segment as long as 3 and 4 united. . . Kiefferia, gen. n0v.I (Type I<. rugosa Ashm.)
Head and thorax s~nooth, shining; 9 antennae 13-jointed, subclavate, the joints alter the fifth oblong-oval, the third longer than the fourth, $ antennae ~+jointed, lo& fi1iEoi-m ; alxiomen not much compressed. Figites Latl-eille
(Type Cynips scutellaris Rossc.)
13. 9 antennae 13-jointed, subclavate, 8 antennae 14-jointed; filiform, the third joint a little shorter than the fourth . . Solenaspis Ashmead (Type S. hyalinipen~~is Ashm,)
14.
Scutellun~ rugose, more or less carinate and ending in a long acute spine, 9 antennae 13-jointed, subclavate, 8 antennae 14-jointed filiform. Solenaspis Ashmead (partim)
Scutellum rugose, bounded by an elevated rim behind which is produced medi-



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ally into a short triangnlar tooth ;
9 antennae 13-jointed, subclavate, monili- form, 8 antennae ~+jointed, the third joint slightly longer than the fourth or of an equal length . Figitodes Ashmead f (Type Figites quinquelineatus Say.)
IS.
Scutelln~m 7iiithiit a fovea at base ; head and thorax opaque, finely punctate ; 9 antennae 13-jointed, subclavate, the last joint not especially large, 8 anten~iae 14-jointed. . . Anolytus F8rster
(Typ? Onychia biusta Hal.)
Scutellnm with one large fovea at base ; head and thol-ax smooth, shining; marginal cell small, closed; 9 antennae 13-jointed, clavate, tine last joint much enlarged, oblong, 8 antennae 14-jointed, , Loncliidia hornson on (Type Figites ~naculipen~iis Dahlb.)
1869. Onycliioidae, Fanlilie, 6 Eihte~-, Vesli, rl, zod. lmt. gesell. N'ien, bd. 19, p. 329.
This g1-oup is sepan-ated fl-oin the Figitinac 11y the shape of thc second dorsal abdominal segment ~vhicl~ is prodncecl ~101-sally 01- tongue-shapecl ; othe~nvise it is identical.
Sc~itell~~m net spinecl. I
Sc~~tellu~n ending in a spine . 2
I. XIesonotnm smooth3 polished with two distinct furrows ; scutellun> snmoth, not elevated, bifoveate at base: n~arginal cell open along the fore nlargin but not conflnent with the costal cell; 9 antennae 13-jointed, filifor~n. Homalaspis G~I-aud
(Type Omalaspis novica Giraud.)
Mesonotum scal~so~~s, opaque, with two distinct fnsrows and a mectian carina, scutellnn~ large, elevated and truncate posteriorly with a channel throug11- out; margi~~al cell open at the base and along the fore mal-gin, confluent with the costal cell ; antennae 13-jointed, filiform. Onychia Halid;iy (Type Callaspiclia fonscolombei Dahlb.)
2. h4a1-ginai cell open along the fore margin and sometimes at base , . 3 Marginal cell completely closed . . 4




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12 PSYCHE [February
3. Mesothorax scabrous and carinate, with two parapsidal furrows; marginal cell open at base and along the fore margin, confluent with the costal cell; 9 an-
tennae 13-jointed, filiform. . Aspicera Dahlborn (Type Tenthredo scutellata Villers.)
Mesothorax smooth, shining, not carinate, with two parapsidal furrows ; mar- ginal cell closed at base ; 9 antennae 13-jointed, filiform. Belna Cameron (Type B. nigriceps Cam.)
4. Mesonotum smooth, shining, with distinct parapsidal furrows; 9 antennae 13- jointed, subclavate. . . Neralsia Cameron (Type N. rufipes Cam.)
Subfamily 111. - Anachariiiae.
1869. Megapelmoidae, Kaniilie, 5 Forster, Verh. d. zool. bot. gesell, Wien, bd. I93 P. 329-
fhis subfamily is easily recognized by the abdomen which is distinctly petiolated and attached normally to the metathorax, the fourth dorsal segment being not longer than either the second or the third. Scutellum produced at apex into a long spine , I Scntellum more or less conical, but never ending in a spine ,
2
I. Mesonotum rugose, without parapsidal furrows; marginal cell long and open along the fore margin ; abdon~inal petiole at least as long as the hind coxae,
smooth; 9 antennae 13-jointed. . . Acanthaegilips Ashmead (Type A. brasiliensis Ashm.)
Mesonot~m smoother, with distinct parapsidal furrows, the middle lobe usually more or less rugulose posteriorly ; marginal cell shorter and completely closed ; abdominal petiole much shorter than the hind coxae . Xyalaspis Hartig.
(Type Cynips niticlula Dalman.)
2. Scutellum separated from the mesonotum by a suture or furrow and vith two shallow oblique foveae at base
3
Scutellum not separated from the niesonotinn by a furrow and without foveae at base 4
3. Abdominal petiole shorter than the hind coxae, striate or rugose; middle seg- ment areolated. . . . Aegilips Haliday
(Type Anacharis rufipes Westw.)




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Abdominal petiole usually longer than the hind coxae and smooth; median segment not areolated. . . Anachares Dalman (Type Cynips eucharoides Dalm.)
4. Mesonotum with distinct parapsidal furrows. . Acothyreus Ashmead (Type A. oceola Aslim.)
Mesonotum smooth, without parapsidal furrows. . . . Synapsis Forster (Type S. agrisgranensis Forst.)
LIFE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN GEOMET1UOAE.-XXXIX. BY HARRISOX G. DYAR, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Therina fiscellaria Guen.
'She larva has been much confused. It is appar- ently this one referred to by Packard as Zfm'idaria in Moil. Georn., p. 494, Rept. U. S. dept. agric., 1886, p. 329, and 5th Rept. U. S. ent. comm., 11. 186. In the lat- ter publication Ihe description of 7: e?;dro/iaria 011 p. 187 is of this species, Riley's specimen being before me. I have referred to these descriptions previously (PSYCHE, vol. 9, 11, I~OO), but have made there an error in regard to the food plant of Tfervidaria (lines 6 to 8, second column) ; it is really spruce as Packard gives it. The life history of Tfiscellaria, here given, was obtained from moths kindly sent by Mr. H. S. Williams of Rockledge, Florida, in May. The first larvae were matured in August and the moths appeared again in September. EGG.
Elliptical, the nari-ow (JiameLer onlyslightly llattened in a small area on the mid- dle of the side; truncation forming a decided rim, but elevated centrally; depressed end rounded, ?11most like the other end, Surface smooth, except lor very fine, roundedly hexag-o- nal, modet-atd? distinct reticulations, all over it, becoming- a Iillle larger at the iinten~ict-opv- ar end.
The minute pores at the angles show whitish in the sh:$do~v. Oli\aceous greeii, shining, turning dull reddish.
Size .9 X .6 X .5 inin. Hutched in two weeks. STAGE I.
Plead rounded bilobed, erect, free, rather larse, inoitlh pointed; dull dark brown, darker in the sutures, lighter on the faces of the lobes, eves black; width .T, mm. Body cylindrical, normal, moderately clvng'ate~l, fect normal slender, the abdominal ones rather long ; segments slightly enlarged centrally. Grayish white, a shaded dark gray broad dorsal band, narrowed in the incisni-es and absent at the ends. A subgeminate. dai-Lei-, narrower and more distinct suhdorsal band, fainter at the ends but continuous, narrowed and confluent, in the incisures. A similar snbventral band. geminate, but segmeiitarily, macu- 1 In all cases I retain the original spelling of genera, Eucoila, not Eucocla., Acothyreus not Acontothyvens etc.



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