Philip S. Ward.
Ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dominican amber, with a synopsis of the extant Antillean species.
Psyche 99:55-86, 1992.

Full text (searchable PDF, 2392K)
Durable link: http://psyche.entclub.org/99/99-055.html

The following unprocessed text is extracted from the PDF file, and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors. Please consult the PDF file for the complete article.

ANTS OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMYRMEX (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) FROM DOMINICAN AMBER, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE EXTANT ANTILLEAN SPECIES Department of Entomology
University of California
Davis, CA 95616
The Dominican amber ant fauna is becoming increasingly well known as a result of the recent studies by Baroni Urbani (1980a-d; Baroni Urbani & Wilson, 1987) and Wilson (1985a-e, 1986, 1988). These investigations reveal a fauna, of probable Oligocene1 early Miocene age (Baroni Urbani & Saunders, 1982; Krishna & Grimaldi, 1991; Lambert et at., 1985), containing a diverse array of genera, of which the great majority are extant in the Neotropical region although some have become extinct on Hispaniola. Most of the ant genera are known from only one or two fossil species in Dominican amber. In this paper I report on a genus of arboreal ants, Pseudomyrmex, which has a far richer representation of species in Dominican amber than other genera examined to date. Pseudomyrmex is also an important component of contemporary Neotropical ant communities, so that a detailed comparison of fos- sil and extant taxa can be attempted. This allows a finer focus on biogeographical changes in the ant fauna, heretofore analyzed largely at the genus level.
I take pleasure in dedicating this paper to William L. Brown, Jr., in appreciation of his generous help on many occasions and the inspiration provided by his benchmark contributions to ant systematics.
The raw material for this study is a series of 30 specimens (28 workers, 1 queen, 1 male) of Pseudomyrmex, from 29 pieces of Manuscript received 24 June 1992
Pachc 99:55-85 (1992). hup Yipsychc einclub org/WMJ-055 html



================================================================================

56 Psyche [vo~. 99
Dominican amber, about half of which were borrowed from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZC). The specimens have been assigned unique collection numbers (PSW-DA1 to PSW-DA30) and all have been deposited in the MCZC except those originating from the Poinar collection in the Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley (UCBC). All material was examined in mineral oil, at 25-50X magnification, with a fibre-optic light source. The following measurements and indices are used (for a more complete explanation of all of these except HD and LCI, intro- duced here for the first time, see Ward (1989)): HW, head width; HL, head length; HD, head depth: maximum dorsoventral depth of head, measured in lateral view; EL, eye length; OD, ocellar dis- tance; MFC, minimum distance between frontal carinae; SL, scape length; LF1 and LF2, length of the first and second funicular seg- ments, respectively; FL, profemur length; FW, profemur width; DPL, diagonal length of propodeum; BF, length of basal (= dorsal) face of propodeum; DF, length of declivitous face of propodeum; MP, depth of metanotal groove; PL, petiole length; PH, petiole height; PPL, postpetiole length; DPW, dorsal petiolar width; MPW, minimum petiolar width; PPW, postpetiole width; LHT, length of metatibia; CI, cephalic index (HWIHL); LCI, lateral cephalic index (HDIHL); REL, relative eye length (ELIHL); FCI, frontal carinal index (MFCIHW); S12, scape index using EL (SLIEL); FI, profemur index (FWIFL); MPI, metanotal index (MPIHW); PLI, petiole length index (PHIPL); PWI, petiole width index (DPWIPL); PWI3, petiole width index, using MPW (MPWIDPW); PPWI, postpetiole width index (PPWIPPL). Meas- urements were made to the nearest thousandth of a millimeter, but they have been rounded here to the second decimal place. Because of refractive distortion (due to the cut of the amber) or positioning difficulties some measurements are considered rather approximate; these have been prefaced by "ca."
Information on the present-day distribution of Pseudomyrmex species in the West Indies and elsewhere is based on direct exami- nation of material in a large number of collections (see list in Ward, 1989), as part of my ongoing taxonomic research on this genus. For the most part I have not used literature records,



================================================================================

19921 Ward 57
including citations in Kempf (1972), because these are often unre- liable for Pseudomyrmex.
I. THE PSEUDOMYRMEX OF DOMINICAN AMBER
Pseudomyrmex antiquus, new species
(Figures 1, 12)
Holotype worker: Dominican amber, La Toca mine (#PSW-DA21) (in amber piece H- 10- 147, UCBC),
Measurements: HW ca. 1.12, HL ca. 1.21, HD 0.78, EL 0.63, SL 0.55, FL ca. 0.86, FW ca. 0.36, LHT 0.96, DPL 1.17, PL 0.64, PH 0.40, PPL 0.56, DPW ca. 0.37, PPW ca. 0.60 Description: Large species (see measurements). Mandibles with about 6 rather robust teeth on the masticatory margin. Head some- what quadrate, longer than broad or deep (CI 0.93, LC1 0.64), pos- terior margin slightly concave, rounding sharply into sides of head. In frontal view median clypeal lobe with a straight anterior margin, rounded laterally. Frontal carinae moderately well separated (MFC = 0.03), fusing anterolaterally with antenna1 sclerites. Second and third funicular segments about 1.4 times longer than wide. Eyes elongate (REL ca. 0.52), not reaching the level of the median ocel- lus. Ocellar triangle small (OD = 0.06). Vertex separated from side of head by a weak (broadly rounded) ridge between posterior mar- gin of eye and posterolateral corner of head. Pronotum laterally marginate. Profemur broadened (FI 0.42). Metanotal groove essen- tially lacking (Figure 12); basal face of propodeum flattened, rounding into the shorter declivitous face (BFIDF = 1.34). Petiole longer than high or wide (PLI 0.63, PWI ca. 0.57), laterally mar- ginate, with a short anterior peduncle, prominent anteroventral tooth, and gradually rising anterodorsal face which rounds into a more steeply descending posterior face (Figure 12). In dorsal view petiole notably constricted anteriorly (PWI3 ca. 0.41), with con- cave posterodorsal margin. Postpetiole slightly broader than long (PPWI ca. 1.07). Integument apparently densely punctulate, opaque. Standing pilosity very sparse, present on pronotal humeri (1 pair), petiole (1 pair), postpetiole (2 pairs), and gaster; not seen



================================================================================

Psyche
IVol. 99




================================================================================

19921 Ward 59
on the mesonotum, propodeum, and extensor faces of tibiae. Color apparently medium brown, antennae and clypeus lighter. Comments: This species is considerably larger than all other Pseudomyrmex known from Dominican amber except P. avitus (q. v.). The head shape, mandibular dentition, marginate pronoturn and petiole, and lack of metanotal groove are reminiscent of the extant Central American species P. rufomedius (F. Smith) and an undescribed Mexican species near P. rufomedius, but P. antiquus differs from these two in eye size, profemur shape, petiole shape, pilosity, and other details.
Pseudomyrmex avitus, new species
(Figure 1 1)
Holotype worker: Dominican amber (no further data) (#PSW- DA30) (UCBC).
Additional material: 1 male, Dominican amber, purchased by P. S. Ward from S. Hendrickson (no further data) (#PSW-DA20) (MCZC).
Measurements, holotype worker: HW ca. 1.48, HL ca. 1.62, HD 1.08, EL 0.97, SL 0.88, FL 1.32, FW ca. 0.48, LHT 1.60, DPL 1.45, PL 0.68, PH 0.42, PPL ca. 0.63, DPW ca. 0.32, PPW ca. 0.50
Measurements, male: HW 1.48, HL 1.27, EL .75, SL ca. 0.20, LF1 0.15, LF2 0.36, FL 1.32, FW 0.31, LHT 1.67, PL 0.81, PH 0.32, DPW 0.36, MPW 0.19, PPL 0.74, PPW 0.67
Description, holotype worker: Large species with broad head and large, protruding eyes (CI ca. 0.91, REL ca. 0.60). (Head and mesosoma appear distorted in shape (bilaterally asymmetrical) in Figures 1-10. Dominican amber Pseudomyrmex: frontal views of worker head. 1. P. antiquus, 2. P. baros, 3. P. coruscus, 4. P. macrops, 5. P. nexilis, 6. P. thecolor, 7. P. oryctus, 8. P. prioris, 9. P. succinus, 10. P. simplex. All drawings are to the same scale (scale line = 0.5 mm) and all are of holotypes except Fig. 4 (paratype) and Fig. 10. Where obstructions of view occurred (of which a large one is indicated by dashed lines-see Figure 5) reconstruction was based on the assumption of bilat- eral symmetry or on extrapolation from oblique views.



================================================================================

Psyche
[Vol. 99




================================================================================

19921 Ward 61
dorsal view through the amber, so head measurements and indices are approximate.) Masticatory margin of mandible with a strong apical tooth preceded by a subapical tooth and 7-8 small (worn) denticles. Median clypeal lobe tectiform, broadly rounded later- ally. Frontal carinae subcontiguous (FCI = 0.02) and fusing with antennal sclerites anterolaterally. Second and third funicular seg- ments almost twice as long as wide. Profemur relatively slender (PI ca. 0.36). Pronotum and anterior half of propodeum laterally marginate. Mesonotum sloping downwards towards basal face of propodeum, so that metanotal groove is deeply impressed in lateral view (Figure 11); basal face of propodeum convex in profile, rounding insensibly into the much shorter declivitous face (BFIDF = 1.91). Petiole short, high (PLI 0.62, PWI 0.48), laterally mar- ginate, and without an anterior peduncle (PWI3 0.46) (Figure 11). Postpetiole longer than broad. Head and mesosoma finely coriari- ous-punctulate, opaque. Standing pilosity consisting of sparse but conspicuous long black hairs, distributed as follows: antennal scapes (2-3), upper half of head (3 long supraocular pairs and sev- eral shorter hairs), pronotum (2 pairs), propodeum (1 pair, at junc- ture of basal and declivitous faces), petiole (1 pair), postpetiole (2 pairs), gaster (including 12-14 hairs on abdominal tergite IV) and coxae; absent from extensor faces of tibiae. Dark brown to black; pronotum, mesonotum and protibia a contrasting pale luteous. Description, male: Large, with broad head (CI 1.17) and moder- ately large eyes (REL 0.59) which protrude from the sides of the head. Mandibles with about 15 denticles on the masticatory margin proximal to the apical tooth; basal margin of mandibles edentate. Palp formula 6,4. SL << LF2. (Funicular segments beyond LF2 are missing from the specimen.) Ocelli conspicuous, maximum diame- ters about 0.15 mm. Posterior margin of head weakly concave in frontal view. Profemur very slender (FI 0.23). Mesonotum of mod- erate size and typical shape, neither constricted medially nor pro- truding anteriorly. Basal face of propodeum rounding broadly into the declivitous face. Petiole elongate (PLI 0.40, PWI 0.44, PW13 Figures 11-20. Dominican amber Pseudomyrmex: left lateral views of worker propodeum and petiole. 11. P. avitus, 12. P. antiquus, 13. P. baros, 14. P. macrops, 15. P. oryctus, 16. P. prioris, 17. P. nexilis, 18. P. succinus, 19. P. thecolor, 20. P. vicinus. All drawings are of holotypes; other conventions as in Figures 1-10.



================================================================================

62 Psyche [vo~. 99
0.53) without a distinctly constricted anterior peduncle, either in lateral or dorsal views; spiracles not protruding laterally. Petiole with a small anteroventral tooth. Postpetiole slender (PPWI 0.91). Pygidium simple in form, directed caudad (not recurved anteroventrally), its posterior margin weakly emarginate. Cerci long and slender. Hypopygium (abdominal sternite IX) difficult to see but apparently with a blunt triangular posterior margin. In lat- eral view distal end of paramere steeply wedge-shaped; preceding this is an apparent thin posterodorsal crest. In dorsal view distal end of paramere bluntly triangular and preceded by a mesial dorsoventral lobe. Head and mesosoma finely coriarious-punctu- late, opaque. Standing pilosity rather sparse, present as black hairs on head (including 2 conspicuous supraocular pairs, similar in size and position to those of the worker), mesonotum, mesoscutellum, petiole, postpetiole, and gaster, not seen on extensor faces of tib- iae, and almost absent (one short seta only) from propodeum. Appressed pubescence common on petiole, postpetiole, and gastric tergites. Apparently dark brown-black in color, with lighter lateral mottling on the mesonotum.
Comments: The large size (HW = 1.48), distinctive pilosity, deep metanotal impression (Figure 1 I), and anteriorly marginate pro- podeum easily distinguish this species from all others including P. antiquus. The association of the male with the P. avitus worker, although tentative, is supported by similarities in overall size (compare HW, LHT), mandibular dentition, eye size, petiole shape, pilosity, sculpture, and proportions of the head and profe- mur. Some features of P. avitus are shared with extant species in the P. gracilis group (9-10 teeth on the masticatory margin of worker mandible, marginate mesosoma, shape of the distal end of the paramere), the P. tenuis group (tectiform clypeus, sparse pilos- ity) or both (large size, elongate eyes, marginate pronotum, palp formula of 6,4). However, P. avitus differs from the former group by its apedunculate petiole and relative lack of pilosity, and from all P. tenuis group species by its mandibular dentition, deeply impressed metanotal groove, shape of the propodeum and specific distribution of standing pilosity .




================================================================================

Ward
Pseudomyrmex baros, new species
(Figures 2, 13)
Holotype worker: Dominican amber, purchased by P. S. Ward (no further data) (#PSW-DA18) (MCZC)
Paratype worker: Dominican amber, purchased for MCZC (no fur- ther data) (#PSW-DA7) (MCZC)
Holotype measurements: HW 0.96, HL 1.01, EL 0.64, MFC ca. 0.02, SL 0.44, FL ca. 0.70, FW ca. 0.28, LHT 0.74, DPL 0.81, PL 0.55, PH 0.28, PPL ca. 0.42, DPW 0.23, MPW 0.13, PPW ca. 0.40.
Paratype measurements: HW ca. 0.98, HL ca. 1.1 1, HD 0.63, EL 0.70, MFC ca. 0.02, SL 0.45, FL ca. 0.73, FW ca. 0.26, LHT 0.75, DPL 0.81, PL 0.56, PH 0.28, PPL ca. 0.41, DPW 0.24, PPW 0.43.
Description: Relatively large species (see measurements) with broad head (CI ca. 0.88-0.95) (in frontal view the head of the paratype worker appears more elongate than this because of a con- cave cut in the amber). Masticatory margin of mandibles with 6-7 teeth: a large apical tooth, a slightly smaller subapical tooth, 3-4 denticles, and a weakly acute (almost right-angled) apicobasal tooth; basal margin with a well developed mesial tooth, situated about midway between the proximal tooth and apicobasal tooth. Holotype: 4 labial palp segments, number of maxillary palp seg- ments indeterminate; paratype: labial palps not visible but at least three maxillary palps discernable in lateral view, the terminal seg- ment ca. 0.13 mm in length and almost twice as long as the penul- timate segment, suggesting some fusion. Median clypeal lobe tectiform, laterally subangulate (Figure 2). Frontal carinae rather close (FCI 0.02), fusing anteriorly with the antenna1 sclerites. Sec- ond and third funicular segments slightly longer than broad. (In the holotype the left funiculus has the expected eleven segments, the right eight only-presumably an aberration.) Eyes large (REL 0.63-0.64). Profemur relatively slender (FI ca. 0.36-0.40). Prono- turn laterally submarginate. In lateral view a broad impression formed at the juncture of the somewhat steeply descending poste- rior end of the mesonotum and the shallowly depressed anterior



================================================================================

64 Psyche [vo~. 99
end of the propodeum, so that MPI = 0.05 although metanotal groove not narrowly incised (Figure 13). Basal face of propodeum convex, slightly longer than, and rounding gently into, the declivi- tous face. Petiole relatively long, low (PLI 0.50-0.51, PWI 0.42-0.43, PW13 0.13), apendunculate, dorsolaterally submar- ginate, and with an anteroventral tooth. Postpetiole about as long as wide (PPWI ca. 0.98-1.05). Head and mesosoma apparently densely punctulate and opaque. Standing pilosity limited in distri- bution: present on dorsum of head (3 pairs on the vertex-one pair posterior to the compound eye, two pairs near the ocelli), prono- turn (2-3 pairs), propodeum (one or two short hairs on the basal face), petiole (one long pair), postpetiole (2 pairs), and gaster; absent from mesonotum and from extensor faces of tibiae. Paratype additionally with a pair of curved setae, ca. 0.10 mm in length, at the juncture of the basal and declivitous faces of the pro- podeum. Abdominal tergite IV with a mat of appressed pubes- cence. Color apparently medium-dark brown, postpetiole and base of gaster a little lighter.
Comments: P. baros is distinguishable from all other species described here by its size and mesosomal profile. The holotype and paratype workers agree reasonably well, although the paratype possesses an additional pair of erect setae on the propodeum. P. baros appears to be related to the extant Hispaniolan species P. haytianus (Wheeler & Mann) on the basis of the following shared similarities: masticatory margin of the mandible with 6-7 teeth; mesial tooth on basal margin of mandible positioned at midlength; median clypeal lobe laterally angulate; head broad (CI > 0.85); size moderately large (HW = 1.00); profemur slender; basal face of propodeum convex and rounding broadly into declivitous face; petiole more or less apendunculate, dorsolaterally submarginate; and standing pilosity sparse on the mesosoma and tibiae. At the same time P. haytianus differs from P. baros in several features including its smaller eyes (REL = 0.54), loss of one labial palp segment, shallower metanotal impression and shorter pilosity.



================================================================================

Ward
Pseudomyrmex coruscus, new species
(Figure 3)
Holotype worker: Dominican amber from Palo Quemado, Santiago Province purchased for MCZC from Geological Enterprises (#PS W-DA 13) (MCZC)
Measurements: HW 0.68, HL 0.87, EL 0.40, MFC ca. 0.04, SL ca. 0.32, FL ca. 0.52, FW 0.23, LHT ca. 0.54, PL ca. 0.34, PPL ca. 0.32, DPW 0.24, MPW ca. 0.15, PPW 0.41.
Description: Head longer than broad (CI 0.78). Median clypeal lobe broadly rounded laterally. Frontal carinae not contiguous, separated by about basal scape width (FCI 0.06). Second and third funicular segments broader than long. Eyes relatively short (REL 0.46). Profemur moderately swollen (FI ca. 0.45). Metanotal groove well impressed. Basal face of propodeum subequal to, or slightly shorter than, declivitous face and rounding very broadly into it. Petiole relatively short and wide (PWI ca. 0.70), broad anteriorly (PWI3 ca. 0.62). Postpetiole broader than long (PPWI ca. 1.29). Head finely punctulate; punctulae separated by one to several times their diameters, interspaces smooth and shining. Dor- sum of mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole similarly smooth and shiny, punctulae less evident. Standing pilosity not abundant: pres- ent on head (1 pair on the vertex), pronotum (2-3 pairs), petiole (1 pair), postpetiole (2 pairs), and gaster. Appressed pubescence apparently not dense on abdominal tergite IV, so that the latter has a strong sheen like most of the body. Color appearing to be dark brown to black.
Comments: The body sculpture and broad petiole and postpetiole distinguish this species from others described here. Also character- istic are the laterally rounded clypeal lobe, well separated frontal carinae, short eyes, form of propodeum, and sparse pilosity.



================================================================================

66 Psyche [vo~. 99
Pseudomyrmex macrops, new species
(Figures 4, 14)
Holotype worker: Dominican amber, purchased for MCZC (no fur- ther data) (#PSW-DA 1 l) (MCZC).
Paratype worker: Dominican amber, purchased for MCZC (no fur- ther data) (#PSW-DA10) (MCZC)
Additional material: 1 worker, Dominican amber from Santiago region (#PSW-DA22) (from a series of six pieces of amber labeled H-10-114, UCBC), 1 worker, Dominican amber (no fur- ther data) (#PSW-DA29) (UCBC).
Measurements, holotype: HW 0.65, HL 0.88, HD 0.45, EL 0.57, SL 0.29, FW 0.26, FL 0.53, LHT 0.54, DPL 0.55, PL 0.30, PH 0.20, PPL ca. 0.24, DPW ca. 0.16, PPW ca. 0.32. Measurements, paratype: HW 0.69, HL 0.90, HD ca. 0.48, EL 0.54, MFCca. 0.02, SL0.29,FW 0.24,FL0.54,LHT0.52, DPL ca. 0.55, PL ca. 0.25, PH ca. 0.20, PPL ca. 0.24, DPW 0.18, PPW ca. 0.35.
Description: Masticatory margin of mandibles with 7 teeth (non- types). Palp formula apparently 6,4 (definitely so in worker #PSW- DA29). Head longer than broad (CI 0.73-0.76, LC1 0.51-0.53). Median clypeal lobe strongly tectiform, rounded laterally. Frontal carinae subcontiguous (FCI ca. 0.03), fusing with the antenna1 sclerites anteriorly. Eyes very elongate (REL 0.60-0.65). Second and third funicular segments wider than long. Profemur broadened (FI 0.45-0.48). In lateral view mesonotum sloping posteriorly and meeting the propodeal dorsum at an angle (of about 140å¡ so that the metanotal groove is well marked (i.e., MPI ca. 0.07) but not impressed much below the level of the propodeal dorsum (Figure 14). Basal face of propodeum longer than declivitous face, mostly flat but somewhat depressed posteriorly before meeting the decliv- itous face at an angle. Petiole relatively short and high (PLI 0.67-0.81, PWI ca. 0.52-0.73), dorsolaterally submarginate, and with a gently sloping anterodorsal face which rounds sharply into a steep posterior face. Postpetiole considerably wider than long (PPWI ca. 1.34-1.46) and with a small but distinct anteroventral



================================================================================

19921 Ward 67
process. Head and mesosoma densely punctulate-coriarious and apparently opaque. Standing pilosity sparse, present on dorsum of head, pronotum (1 pair), juncture of basal and declivitous faces of propodeum (1 pair, not seen in paratype), petiole (1 pair), postpeti- ole (1-2 pairs), and gaster. Color appearing medium brown, the gaster perhaps a little darker.
Comments: Diagnostic features of P. macrops are the elongate eyes (REL = 0.62), tectiform clypeus, short high petiole with steep posterior face, broad postpetiole, mesosomal profile (see descrip- tion above), and relatively small size (HW < 0.75, LHT < 0.60). The first four traits are characteristic of the P. sericeus group, but the last two are not.
Worker #PSW-DA29 agrees with most parts of the detailed description above but it has a longer head (HL 0.98, CI 0.70, LC1 0.49), less broad postpetiole (PPWI ca. 1.22) and appears to be dark brown-black in color. Worker #PSW-DA22 differs in minor ways from the type specimens: profemur broader (FI 0.51), petiole less angulate, and more standing pilosity visible on abdominal ter- gite IV. Although either of these might represent different species it seems prudent to include them under P. macrops until more material is available for study.
Pseudomyrmex nexilis complex
The six species described below share the following traits: rela- tively small size (HW < 0.75, LHT < 0.60); broadly rounded median clypeal lobe; subcontiguous and slightly elevated frontal carinae (FCI = 0.03), fusing with the antenna1 sclerites anterolater- ally; moderately elongate eyes (REL 0.52-0.57); second and third funicular segments broader than long; broad profemur (FI > 0.44); basal and declivitous faces of propodeum meeting at an angle; and petiole apendunculate and relatively slender (PLI < 0.66), without a steep posterior face. These commonalities are not repeated in the individual descriptions below. Species differences are rather subtle but no more so than among closely related contemporary species of Pseudomyrmex. The members of the P. nexilis complex do not belong to any of the modern species groups of Pseudomyrmex but possess a mixture of some of the traits of the P. oculatus group



================================================================================

68 Psyche [vo~. 99
(elongate head and eyes, fronto-clypeal structure) and the P. sub- tilissimus group (petiole shape and patterns of pilosity). Pseudomyrmex nexilis, new species
(Figures 5, 17)
Holotype worker: Dominican amber, purchased for MCZC (no fur- ther data) (#PSW-DA3) (MCZC)
Paratype workers: Two specimens from two pieces of Dominican amber, purchased for MCZC (no further data) (#PSW-DA12, #PSW-DA 16) (MCZC)
Measurements, holotype: HW 0.72, HL 0.89, HD 0.52, EL 0.50, SL 0.27, FL 0.53, FW ca. 0.27, LHT 0.52, DPL 0.61, PL 0.35, PH 0.22, PPL ca. 0.30, DPW 0.20, PPW ca. 0.33. Measurements, paratypes (#PS W-DA 12 and #PS W-DA 16, respec- tively): HW ca. 0.64, 0.67; HL 0.90, 0.86; HD 0.47, ca. 0.50;