H. W. Levi.
The Spider Genera Cerocida, Hetschkia, Wirada and Craspedisia (Araneae: Theridiidae).
Psyche 70:170-179, 1963.

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THE SPIDER GENERA CEROCIDA, HETSCHKIA,
WIRADA AND CRASPEDISIA
(ARANEAE : THERIDIIDAE)*
BY HERBERT W. LEVI
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University The four genera discussed in this paper are known only from tropical America. No species have been found in other parts of the world.
All are small genera with one or two known species. The characters that distinguish the genera have been discussed in a previ- ous paper (Levi and Levi, 1962), in which were illustrated the type species. For ease of comparison the type species are figured here again with some new drawings. Drawings of the expanded palpi are omitted.
A trip to examine the types was supported by a National Science Foundation Grant (G-4317) and the research and publication by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (E-1944). I wish to thank my colleagues who made rare specimens available to me: Prof. M. Vachon of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; J. Pr6szyAski of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Dr. G. Owen Evans, Mr. E. Browning, K. Hyatt and D. Clark of the British Museum (Natural History) ; Mrs. D. L. Frizzell (Dr. H. Exline) and Dr. E. S. Ross of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (CAS) ; Dr. W. J. Gertsch of the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH) and Dr. 0. Kraus of the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt (SMF) .
Cerocida Simon
Cerocida Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des Araignees, 1: 508. Type species by origha! designation and monotypy: C. strigosa Simon, 1894. Cephalothorax with posterior stalk and raised reticulate pattern in both sexes (Fig. 6). Legs long, first patella and tibia as long or slightly longer than carapace. Abdomen small, higher than long; male with sclerotized rings around pedicel and spinnerets (Fig. I). Colulus replaced by two setae, unlike the related Helvibis, which lacks setae.
Cerocida strigosa Simon
Figures 1-6
Cerocida strlgosa Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des Araignees, 1: 508, fig. 510. Female holotype from Venezuela in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, examined.
*Manuscript received, by the editor February 19,1963.



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19631 Levi - Spider Genera 17.1
Note. Since this specimen was presumably collected by Simon, the type locality can be narrowed to the limited northern areas of Vene- zuela, Caracas, and the states Aragua and Carabobo, through which Simon travelled.
Description. Carapace, sternum light brown ; legs yellow-white ; abdomen whitish; male darker than female and more heavily sclero- tized. Carapace and sternum fused between coxae and around pedicel; both with a reticulate raised pattern and raised rings around pedicel. Female pedicel stalk slightly shorter than that of male (Fig. 6). Anterior median eyes two-thirds the diameter of posterior median eyes, their radius apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes of female one-third diameter apart, their radius from laterals. Posterior median eyes of male one-quarter diameter apart, one diameter from laterals. Chelicerae apparently with one large tooth on anterior margin. Abdomen higher than long with few long setae (Figure I). Male abdomen with sclerotized ring around pedicel and sclerotized ring around spinnerets. Total length of female I .5 mm. Carapace 0.80 mm long, 0.53 mm wide. First femur, 0.87 mm; patella and tibia, 0.92 mm; metatarsus, 0.57 mm ; tarsus, 0.46 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.66 mm; third, 0.50 mm; fourth, 0.71 mm. Total length of male 1.7 mm. Carapace 0.93 mm long, 0.55 mm wide. First femur, 1.06 mm; patella and tibia, 1.05 mm; metatarsus, 0.62 mm; tarsus, 0.46 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.78 mm ; third, 0.55 mm ; fourth, 0.82 rnm.
The genitalia are small, transparent (Fig. 3-5)) and difficult to study in the few specimens available.
The descriptions and illustrations were made from British Guiana specimens.
"Natural History. Specimens have been collected by sifting litter. This species is probably an ant mimic.
Record. British Guiana. Kartabo, 1924, I 9, I (AMNH). Hetschkia I<eyserling
Hetschkia Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2 (2) : 246. Type species by monotypy: H. gradlis Keyserling. Carapace sclerotized, suboval with a posterior stalk in both sexes (Figs. 11, 12).
Carapace of male wider than that of female. Abdo- men suboval, without colulus,
The carapace shape distinguishes the genus from Theridion, the short embolus and female connecting ducts from Helvibis.



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Psyche
[September
Hetschkza gracilis Keyserling
Figures 7-13
//ctsrhkia pacilis Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2 (2) : 247, pi. 20, fig. 299, $ . Male holotype from Blumenau, [Santa Catarina], Brazil in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, examined,
Description. Female. Carapace, sternum yellow. Legs yellow with tarsi brown and anterior side of each patella with a black spot. Abdo- men whitish, unpigmented. Carapace sclerotized, slightly granulate, almost smooth. Sternum fused to carapace but with seam present above coxae. Carapace and sternum fused around pedicel (Fig. 7). Eyes subequal in size. Anterior median eyes one and one-half diame- ters apart, their radius from laterals. Posterior median eyes two diameters apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Abdomen spherical. Total length of female from SZo Paulo 2.2 mm. Carapace 1.20 mm long, 0.61 mm wide. First femur, 1.32 mm ; patella and tibia, I .2 I mrn ; metatarsus, I. I g mm ; tarsus, 0.45 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.90 mm; third, 0.62 rnm ; fourth, 0.90 mm. Figures I 2 and I 3 were prepared from the holotype. Records. Brazil. Sao Paulo: Botanical Gardens, SZo Paulo, 13- 17 Jan. 1959, 29 (A. M. Nadler, AMNH). Santa Catarinn: Blumenau, $ with c? holotype (MNHN) .
Wirada Keyserling
JVirada Kevserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2(2) : 25. Type species by monotypy: W. punctata Keyserling. Carapace with eye region projecting and clypeus sloping back toward chelicerae. Carapace and sternum tuberculate (Figs. I 8, 25, 26). Legs short; leg four about equal to leg one. Tarsi longer than
metatarsi. Abdomen with a dorsal sclerotized shield, a large shield surrounds pedicel and a sclerotized ring around spinnerets (Figs. 24, 25 L Colulus replaced by two setae.
The tuberculate carapace resembles that of Crustulina; Wirada, however, lacks the distal process on the palpal cymbiurn and lacks a large colulus. The relatively simple palpus and long tarsi make Wirada resemble spiders placed in the family Symphytognathidae. Wirada species, like members of the latter family, have tarsi longer EXPLANATION OF PLATE 17
Figs. 1-6. Cerocida strigosa Simon. 1. Male. 2. Male sternum and coxae. 3. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 4. Epigynum. 5. Left palpus. 6. Male. Figs. 7-13. Hetschkia gradis Keyserling. 7. Female. 8. Female sternum and coxae. 9. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 10. Epigynum. 11. Female. 12. Male carapace. 13. Palpus.




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174 Psyche [September
than metatarsi, and may lack lungs, but lack teeth on the posterior margin of the chelicerae.
Wirada punctata Keyserling
Figures I 4- I 8
Wirada punctata Keyserling, 1886, Die Spinnen Amerikas, Theridiidae, 2 (2) : 26, pi. 11, fig. 147, 3. Male holotype from Montana di Nancho, [? Cajamarca], Peru, 8000 m elev., in the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, examined.
Virada rugithorax Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des AraignCes, 1: 585,
nom. nudum; 1895, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 64:148. Male holotype from San Esteban, [Carabobo], Venezuela in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, examined. NEW SYNONYMY Description. Male. Sclerotized areas dark, rich red-brown. Legs and lightly sclerotized portions lighter; patellae and spinnerets lightest. Carapace and sternum heavily sclerotized with elongate dark tubercles (Fig. 18) that also cross clypeus. Eyes overhanging clypeus and clypeus receding above small chelicerae. Diameter of anterior median eyes more than twice that of posterior medians, one-third their diame- ter apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior medians slightly oval, more than three (longer) diameters apart, one diameter from laterals. Sternum wider than long. Chelicerae with one double tooth on an- terior margin. Entire dorsum of abdomen covered by a shiny shield; venter by a smaller shield and a ring around spinnerets; abdomen of male flattened.
Colulus with two setae. It is very possible that the specimen lacks lungs. Total length of male 1.4 mm. Carapace 0.58 mm long, 0.57 mm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.47 mm; second, 0.41 mm; third, 0.39 mm. Fourth femur, 0.57 mm; patella and tibia, 0.52 mm; metatarsus, 0.26 mm; tarsus, 0.30 mm. Female. Carapace brown, area of anterior median eyes black. Sternum light brown, legs yellow-brown. Abdomen purplish brown, venter lighter; sclerotized areas red-brown. Carapace and sternum with elongate tubercles. Anterior median eyes larger than others, a little less than a diameter apart, their radius from laterals. Posterior median eyes two diameters apart, one diameter from laterals. Dorsum of abdomen with a circular scutum (Fig. 17). Venter with a semi- circular shield anterior around the pedicel, a sclerite on each side of EXPLANATION OF PLATE 18
Figs. 14-18. Wirada punctata Keyserling. 14. Left palpus. 15. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 16. Epigynum. 17. Female. 18. Male. Figs. 19-26. W. towarensis Simon. 19. Male palpus, cleared. 20. Palpus. 21. Female genitalia, dorsal view.
22. Epigynum. 23. Male left chelicera,
posterior view. 24. Male. 25. Male sternum and abdomen. 26. Male. (Ab- breviations : E, embolus ; M, medium apophysis ; R, radix).



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176 Psyche [September
the epigynun~, very small sclei-ites on the side and a broken ring of sclesites around spinnerets. Total length of female I .5 mm. Carapace, 0.60 mm long, 0.52 rnm wide. First patella and tibia, 0.41 mm; sec- ond, 0.38 mm; third, 0.35 mm. Fourth femur, 0.45 mm; patella and tibia, 0.44 mm; metatarsus, 0.22 mm; tarsus, 0.28 mm. Epigynum (Fig. 16) with lip extending behind a slight depression. The female was not collected with the male and there is some doubt that it belongs to this species. Figures 14 and 18 were prepared from the holotype.
Record. Ecuador.
Chiniborazo: 48 km SW of Alausi, 2500 in, 14 Feb. 1955, I $? (E. I. Schlinger, E. S. Ross, CAS) . Wirada tovarensis Simon
Figures I 9-26
T7irada tovarensis Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des Araignkes, 1 : 585, nomen nudum;
1895, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 64: 148. Male holotype from Colonia Tovar [Tovar, Aragua], Venezuela, 1888 (E. Simon), in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, examined. Description. Sclerotized areas rich dark red-brown; areas between eyes of male yellowish ; legs yellowish. Non-sclei-otized areas on venter of abdomen whitish. Carapace and sternum of both sexes heavily sclerotized with elongate dark tubercles (Figs. 25, 26), and anterior portion of male carapace raised (Fig. 24). Diameter of anterior median eyes twice that of other eyes. Anterior median eyes of female one-quarter their diameter apart, one-quarter diameter from laterals. Posterior median eyes of female one and one-half diameters apart, one diameter from laterals. Anterior median eyes of male their radius apart, almost touching laterals. Posterior median eyes of male three diameters apart, one and one-half diameters from laterals. Chelicei-ae with a double tooth on anterior margin (Fig. 23), no teeth posterior. Both sexes with similar sclerotization of abdomen, completely covering dorsum,
a smaller shield on venter and a sclerotized ring around spinnerets. The abdomen is flattened (Fig. 24), slightly thicker in female than in male. Male with first leg slightly longer than fourth; female with fourth leg slightly longer than first. Total length of female 1.0 mm. Carapace 0.55 mm long, 0.47 mm wide, 0.30 mm high. First patella and tibia, 0.32 mm; second, 0.3 I mm ; third, 0.26 mm. Fourth femur, 0.35 mm; patella and tibia, 0.39 mm; meta- tarsus, 0.18 mm; tarsus, 0.23 mm. Total length of male 1.0 mm. Carapace 0.47 mm long, 0.45 mm wide, 0.35 mm high in eye region. First femur, 0.39 mm; patella and tibia, 0.39 mm; metatarsus, 0.22 mm ; tarsus, 0.27 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.32 mm; third, 0.29 mm ; fourth, 0.39 mm.




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19631 Levi - Spider Genera 177
Record. Venezuela. Aragua: Tovas, I Q with holotype, 1888 (E. Simon, MNHN).
Craspedisia Simon
Craspcdisia Simon, 1894, Histoire NatureIIe des Araignies, 1: 580. Type species by original designation and monotypy: Umfila cornuta Keyserling. Carapace of female as in Steatoda, that of male with a projection on clypeus (Figs. 30, 32). Posterior extension of carapace covering pedi- cel. Chelicerae with a tooth on anterior margin. Abdomen suboval with a broken sclerotized ring around pedicel in both sexes; some sclerotized spots on venter. Colulus large. The clypeal projection separates males from Steatoda and Crustu- Una. (Levi and Levi, 1962).
Craspedisia cornuta (Keyserling)
Figures 27-3 I
Umfila cornuta Keyserling, 1891,
Die Spinnen Amerikas, Brasilianische
Spinnen, 3 : 222, pi. 8, fig. 163, $. Male holotype from Neu Freiburg
Figs. 27-3 1. Craspedisia cornuta (Keyserling) . 27. Female abdomen, ven- tral view. 28. Female genitalia, dorsal view. 29. Epigynum. 30. Male. 31. Left palpus.
Figs. 32-33. C. spatdata Bryant. 32. Male. 33. Palpus.



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178 Psyche [September
[Nova Friburgo, Est. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil], in the British Museum Natural History, examined. - Goldi, 1892, Mitt. Osterlande, neue Folge, 5 : 233.
Craspedisia cornuta, -Simon, 1894, Histoire Naturelle des Araignees, 1 : 580, fig. 587, 8.
Description. Carapace, sternum orange ; legs brown. Abdomen with dorsum black and venter white with a broad dark stripe between genital groove and spinnerets. Carapace of male punctate on sides (Fig. 30). Abdomen of male with four brown sclerotized spots on dorsum. Abdomen of female with scattered sclerotized spots on venter (Fig. 27). Eyes subequal in size. Anterior eyes one-quarter their diameter apart. Posterior median eyes one diameter apart, thi-ee- quarters diameter from laterals. Eyes of male smaller and slightly farther apart; anterior median eyes of males slightly larger than others. Chelicei-ae with two teeth on anterior margin in female; one fleshy tooth on anterior margin in male. Total length of female 3.1 mm. Carapace, 1.56 mm long, I .32 mm wide. First patella and tibia, I .20 mm ; second, I .07 mm ; third, 0.98 mm. Fourth femur, I .30 mm ; patella and tibia, 1.40 mm; metarsus, 0.72 mm; tarsus, 0.58 mm. Total length of male, 2.9 mm. Carapace, 1.62 mm long, 1.30 mm wide. First femur, I .IO mm ; patella and tibia, I .23 mm ; metatarsus, 0.77 mm ; tarsus, 0.57 mm. Second patella and tibia, I .I 7 mm ; third, 0.94 mm ; fourth, 1.22 mm.
Records. Brazil. Est. Rio de Janeiro: Teres6polis, 900-1000 m (H. Sick, AMNH). Sao Paulo: Jabaquara, Cidade Sao Paulo, 700- 800 m (H. Sick, AMNH) . Santa Catarina:
Nova Teutonia, 27'
I I' S, 52' 23' W (F. Plaumann, SMF).
Craspedisia spatulata Bryant
Figures 32-33
Craspedisia spatulata Bryant, 1948, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 100: 373, figs.
47, 48
$. Male holot~pe from rain forest near Valle Nuevo, [near Con- stanza], Cordillera Central, 1800 m elev., Dominican Republic, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, examined. Description. Carapace, sternum, legs red-brown. Abdomen black, doi-sum with three large white spots on the anterior, one on each side and a pair towards the posterior; sclerotized spots brown. Second specimen with two rows of three white spots and one median posterior spot. Anterior median eyes slightly larger than others, half their radius apart and a radius from laterals. Posterior median eyes one and one-third diameters apart and the same distance from laterals. Che- licerae with a fleshy tooth on anterior margin, none posterior. Cai-a- pace with some tubercles on sides. Sternum with some tubercles.



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19631 Levi - Spider Genera I79
Tarsal comb indistinct. Abdomen with four dorsal sclerotized spots, the anterior pair the largest; venter almost two-thirds covered by epigastric shield. Total length of holotype, 2.2 mm. Carapace, 1.36 mm long, 0.94 mm wide. First femur, 0.95 mm; patella and tibia, 1.04 mm; metatarsus, 0.59 mm; tarsus, 0.43 mm. Second patella and tibia, 0.95 mm ; third, 0.78 mm ; fourth, 1.04 mm. Record. Dominican Republic: Loma Rucilla Mountains, I 500- 2400 m., Cordillera Central, 8 paratype (P. J. Darlington). LEVI, H. W. AND L. R. LEVI
1962. The genera of the spider family Theridiidae. Bull. Mus. Comp.
2001. 127 (1) : 1-71.




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