Article beginning on page 238.
Psyche 5:238-240, 1888.

Full text (searchable PDF)
Durable link: http://psyche.entclub.org/5/5-238.html

The following unprocessed text is extracted from the PDF file, and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors. Please consult the PDF file for the complete article.

238 PSYCHE. [August-December 18%'
no doubt, to the fact that thesb were ex- posed to the sunlight while the others
were not.
Females reared from futilis galls this
season are .IO in length ; the wings . ro and the antennae .07 with thirteen joints only, with a partial suture on one side
of the terminal joint.
The median line on the thorax entire-
ly wanting ; the head less hairy but with a few scattered hairs on the thorax and
on the sides of the second abdominal
segment.
The wing-veins are a darker
brown.
The galls are blister-like swellings in
the smooth bark of the roots of young
white oak trees, completely covering the root in some cases for the distance of
two feet or more from the tree.
NOTE.-A later examination of these insects in a. strong light shows thatthe head and abdomen are really a very dark reddish brown. In ordinary reflected light they are easily taken &r black.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF PEDIOPSIS.
BY EDWARD P. VAN DUZEE, BUFFALO, N. Y.
To the kindness of Mr. D. W. Co-
quillett of Los Angeles, California, I am indebted for the opportunity of exainin- ing a very interesting lot of Jassidae
from that locality. Among this material
is one insect that deserves special notice. It is a species of Pedi0psi.s closely al- lied to the eastern viridis, and still
more closely to the European virescens.
The colors are probably somewhat
faded, and possibly altered by an alco-
holic bath, but this will scarcely afl'ect the determination of the species. It
may be characterized as follows :
PEDIOPSIS OCCIDENTALIS n. sp.
Female.-Form of P. viridis, broader
and more robust than P. virescens.
Color dull greenish yellow, uniform;
propleura with a black spot; antenna1
seta brown.
Length about 5 mm.
Face as in vi~escens, more distinctly
punctured than in viridis; front broader below at the base of the clypeus,, which is proportionately narrower, and the
lorae are much more tumid than in that
species or virescens; the clypeus is
broadly depressed entirely across the
apex, while in viridis this depression is confined to the narrow submargin on
either side before the lora, and ib scarcely more extended than in the European
species. Antennae pale at base, setae
brownish. Pronotum shorter and broad-
er than in either of the allied species ; the rugae are less distinct than in vire- scens, but more so than in viridis.
Propleura with a black spot. Ventral
plate as in virescens, shorter and broader toward the apex than in viridis, the tip emarginate, and the sides distinctly con-



================================================================================

August-December 1889.1
PSYCHE. 239
vex, not concavfe as in our eastern spe- cies. In other characters it does not
seem to differ from its allies.
Male.-Very similar to P. viridis;
dull grey- or greenish-brown ; elytra
subhyaline fulvous-brown ; beneath
paler; propleura with a black spot.
Length about 4 mm.
Face rugosely punctured above, front
with shallow punctures ; lorae narrow,
tumid. Apex of the clypeus narrowly
depressed. Antennae pale brown, se-
tae darker, claws brown. Abdomen
tinged with rufous.
This form hardly
differs from the brown males of viridis; the pronotum is somewhat more rounded
before, the general color is a more uni- form greyish-brown, and there is no in-
dication of the dark shade on the basal
angles of the sc~~telluin so generally
found in the male viridis.
California. Described from two fe-
males and three males. Nos. 6028
and 603 $ . Coquillett.
The existence of this species on the
Pacific coast suggests a very interesting' line of co+ecture to which I wish to
draw attention here. In Pedio+s
we find three species of a uniform green color and closely allied structurally but still separable by characters apparently constant, viz : vi'rescens ranging over
the whole of Europe and Great Britian ;
viridis occupying the whole of North
America east of the Rocky Mountains
and extending its range southward at
least to the southern boundary of the
United States ; and occidenidis with
an unknown range on the Pacific coast.
The differences between these species
have been indicated above. A careful
review of these will show that the Cali- fornian species is very close to the Euro- pean while our eastern form differs more widely from both ; still in some char-
acters occidentalis approaches much
nearer to viridis than to virescens, such as the form and sculpturation of the pron- otum, and the general proportions of the whole insect ; the form of the clypeus
and ventral plate agree very closely with virescens and seem to ally the insect
most closely with that species. Thus
far the females. Of the males I cannot
speak as positively; the brown forms
occurring' with viridis and occidentalis I have assumed to be the males of these
species. In the case of viridis I have
all but positive proof, but in occide~~talis analogy has been my only guide. If
my assignment of the males is correct
we have in virescens only green males
(I can find no record of a brown form),
in viridis both green and brown forms,
the latter by far the more abundant in
New York, and in occidenå´fall only
brown males as far as known. The
brown males of our American species
are scarcely separable, but a few char-
acters seem to be available for this pur- pose ; possibly these brown males are
melanic forms dependant on atmospheric
conditions for their appearance.
A question naturally suggested by a
comparison of these closely allied spec- ies is : Where did they originate and
how are they related ? For an explana-
tion at all satisfactory we must go back to a time before the glacial epoch when
doubtless the parent form occupied a




================================================================================

PSYCHE.
[August-December 1889.
broad territory in the high northern lat- itudes extending its range more or less
over the north of both hemispheres.
With the southern advance of the polar
ice-sheet this insect was driven far to the south where the oceans and meridional
mountain ranges divided the original
form into at least three distinct families, which, isolated from each other, and
under the influence of different environ- ments, have been modified and be-
come fixed into the species as we now
find them. It would but poorly satisfy
the conditions of the case to suppose that either form, as at present distinguished, has, after being introduced into the other faunal regions, become modified to the
extent we find here.
Therefore we doubtless have here three
species of equal value and of the same
age, although not equally differentiated from one another. The similarity of the
climatic conditions surrounding the
European and Californian families
would naturally produce, as we find to
be the case, species more closely related to each other than to the eastern Ameri- can family, surrounded as it was by
greater climatic variations and occupy-
ing probably a much larger area. This
view of the origin of these little green pediopsids is in full accord with the
views of Mr. A. R. Grote. in regard to
the origin of the North American lep-
idopterous fauna, expressed in v. I of
the Bulletin of the Buffalo society of
natural sciences, p. 200 and more fully
developed in 1884 in v. 18 of the Cana-
dian entomoZogist.
Some portions of the North American
homopterous fauua very closely parallel
the corresponding European faunas but
I apprehend that but few species-such
as have been recently introduced, and
possibly a few others-will prove to be
actually identical with the European
forms. These many allied species, sug-
gesting so strongly a common origin,
belong to distinctively northern groups
that show as marked a parallelism in
genera as in species, and seem to be de- cendants of a tertiary fauna common to
the northern parts of both hemispheres,
which in adjusting themselves to the
conditions imposed on them by glacial
action have been modified, some more,
some less, but few so little that they can now be declared identical. A compari-
son of the European and American lists
of 'J-assidae will show a very large per- centage of northern European genera
represented in boreal America. A few
peculiar groups of course appear, but
when our western hemiptera are better
known this general statement will, I
am convinced, find strong additional
verification.
Of the species of hemiptera common
to both sides of the Atlantic some appear to have undergone no change, such are
Cymus clavicu2us~ ScoZo~ostethus as-
nts, Leptopterna dolobrata, O-psioco-
etus $ersonatus, Cicadula 6-notatus
etc. Others while practically identical, exhibit modifications of structure or
marking, or tend to produce varieties
not strictly paralleled in the European
facies of the species, e. g. Hebrus @s-
illus, Philaenus s$umark, Athysa-
nus striola, and possibly Lygm $rat-




================================================================================

August-December 1889.1
PSYCHE.
ensis. Still others, while but little more widely differentiated are considered as
distinct species ; there are many of these but a few will answer for illustration,
Bztrygaster aItematus and E. man-
rw Neottiglossa data and N. in.
flexa, TriPhIeps insidiosus and T.
niger, Cixius $?Wand C. stigmaticus,
and Deltoce~halus debilis and D. ab-
d0minaZi.s. The first series may probably have been introduced from one faunal
region to another, but the two latter
series naturally lead us to look back to a common preglacial ancestor whose
descendants in the second
series have,
in accomodating themselves to their
changing environments, undergone a
similar modification in the different re- gions, or have exhibited greater stability in resisting these changes. In the third series the change has been a little-
sometimes only a very little-more per-
ceptable.
In Psyches. 5. p. 211-214, Mr. C.
W. Woodworth, in an interesting and
instructive paper on the genera of the
North American typhlocybini, says he
has not recognized a single European
species of the group from this country ; he seems to have been
unaware of the ,
fact that Kybos smaragdulus occurs not
only throughout the northern states and
Canada but even as far west as Califor-
nia from whence I have recently receiv-
ed examples from Mr. Coquillett.
SYNOPSIS OF THE ODONATA OF NORTH AMERICA. No. I. BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Since 1861, when my Synopsis was
published by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, I have, of course, studied these
Odonata. The specimens described in
my first work were never less than
three years old, mostly over twenty,
some nearly sixty. During my resi-
dence here I have always tried to com-
pare fresh specimens, and if possible to describe living ones. There are very
few of which the old types could not be
studied again with new specimens. Of
the species described since 1861 I have
seen the types or had sufficient informa- tion by the authors themselves. The
localities are given here always as com- plete and detailed as possible.
TRIBE I. AGRIONINA.
Eyes distant ; antennae four-jointed ;
wings equal ; abdomen cylindrical,
slender ; accessory male-genitals with
the anterior hamulus connate ; penis and vesicula separated ; female genitals
vaginate.
SUB-FAMILY. CALOP~ERYGINA.
Antecubital veins numerous.
CALOPTERYX LEACH.
Wings broad, densely reticulated ;
pterostignxi absent in the male ; in the female absent, or very small, or irreg-
ular, areolate ; hasal space without
transverse veins ; quadrangular space




================================================================================