V. Nabokov.
Some New or Little Known Nearctic Neonympha.
Psyche 49:61-80, 1942.

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19421 Nearctic Neonympha 6 1
SOME NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN NEARCTIC
NEONYMPHA
(Lepidoptera : Satyridze)
The capture in Arizona in June 1941 of what struck me as an undescribed species of Neonympha suggested certain in- vestigation~~ the results of which are given in this paper. A study of about a hundred specimens labelled ('henshawi Edw.," which I accumulated from different sources, revealed that two pairs of gemmate species) one pair unnamed? the other neg- lected) occurred in Arizona., Confusion has been due not so much to some chance obscurity in a great entomologist's de- scription 66 years ago) as to the indifference and consequent lack of precision in regard to this section of Neonympha on the part of those who wrote after him. Somehow lepidopterists have never seemed overeager to obtain these delicately orna- mented, quickly fading Satyrids that so quaintly combine a boreal-alpine aspect with a tropical-silvan onel the upperside quiet velvet of ((browns)' being accompanied by an almost Lycznid glitter on the under surface. There exists very little information concerning such things as the number of broods? possible seasonal variation, limits of distribution, allied Mexi- can and Central American forms7 haunts? habits and early stages.
What follows is an attempt to set down the peculiarities of these four insects as a tentative basis for further research that would amplify the comparatively meager facts at my disposal. A definition of the species most usually confused with henshawi Edw. and a full description of its typical race? with comparative descriptions of two other races are followed by comparative descriptions of the three other species7 listing their distinctive characters in the same order. The species to be discussed are: Neovzympha dorothea n. sp. (referred to by Edwards as 'Published with the aid of a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zo6Iogy of Harvard College.




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62 Psyche [Sept.-Dec.
c some specimens" etc., in conjoint description of henshawi Edw., 1887, Butt. N. Am., 111, Neonympha I; reproduced from a female in Edwards' collection as "henshawi Edw., male," by Holland, 1898) and later editions, Butt. Book, Pl. 25, fig. 8, upperside.)
Neonympha maniolu n. sp. (presumably figured, as "hen- shawi)" by Wright, 1905, Butt. W. Coast, Pl. 25, fig. 226 a, b, c) male, upperside) female, both sides).
Neonympha pyracmon Butler (I 866, Proc. Zool. SOC., Lon- don, p. 499, female; 1867, Proc. 2001. SOC., London, Pl. 11) fig. 11, female, underside; Godman) 1901, Biol. Centr. Am. Rhop.) 11, p. 693; 111, Pl. 107, figs. I I, 12, male, both sides, misl'abelled "hila&";
Weymer, I9 I I, in Seitz) Rhop. Am.,
p. 223).
Neonymphu henshawi Edwards (1876, Trans. Am. Ent. SOC., p. 205, female; Godman, 1880, Bid. Centr. Am., Rhop., 111, Pl. 8, fig. 2 7, female, underside, mislabelled '(pyracmon" ; Ed- wards, 1887) Butt. N. Am., 111, Pl. 1) figs. 5-8, both sexes, both sides; Maynard) 1891, Mnl. N. Am. Butt., p. 108,. female; fig. 3 5d, female, hind-wing underside).
Neonympha dorothea n. sp.
Sharing with the other three species such upperside charac- ters as: brownish ground color in male) with more or less diffuse fulvous red; fine fulvous margin) mainly subanal in secondaries; androconial mark in male primaries; przterminal dark spots in secondaries of both sexes; and such underside characters as: more or less fulvous ground color of primaries; small discal button-spot on both wings; four transverse lines, to wit: first discal) crossing cell R + M; second discal, curving round cell (its course in primaries dependent upon specific outline of termen) ; subterminal, mostly striate in primaries (less adjusted there to differentiation of termen) and mostly incomplete and deformed in secondaries; przterminal, mostly punctate in primaries, and embossed with serrate silver in secondaries where it forms a silver W in Cul, passes through two double ocelli in M3 and M2 placed within a cinereous irrora- tion, and produces two pairs of V-shaped dashes in Ml and Re. Distinguished from its three congeners as follows: Primaries apically short and rather bluntly rounded, with straight termen;



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19421 Nearctic Neonympha 63
secondaries evenly rounded in both sexes, with very slight sinuation in female; przterminal spots rather blurred. Androconial mark: medium sized, with fairly smooth outer edge coinciding7 except in Cu2 where it retreats basally, with second discal line as seen through wing; consisting of 5 patches (shading in 2A not included), adjoining cell and separated by FIGS. 1-4. Scheme of androconial patches in Neonympha. l7 N. maniola;
2, N. do~othea; 3> N. henshawi; 4? N. pyracmon. veins, as follows: rhomboid, with sides slanting basally sub- parallel to cubitus, in Cu2; two decreasing trapezoids, in Cul and M3; two wedges in M2 and MI; and of short triangle, in cell R + M, against inner side of cross vein7 pointing basally and reaching down to about level of Cul. (See fig. 2.) Female upperside: diffusely colored, with slight shadings. Male and female underside :
primaries : second discal line
running subparallel to first discal line, curving from costa be- hind cell to slope down towards subterminal line and thus limiting with the latter a truncate upsilon-shaped area in mid- dle of wing; subterminal line from dorsum up to about Cul running closer to second discal than to termen but then) by re- taining a primal course) diverging terminally to reach apex (which would have been costa? had the apex been longer, in which case the subterminal line would have been parallel to a primal, slanting? termen), thus enhancing the impression of the outward slope on the part of the second discal which in re- ality is subparallel to the straight termen (to which) contrary to the subterminal line, it has become adjusted) ; secondaries: heavily and completely bordered with dark cinereous which encloses ocelli and silver serration, and expands in M2 and M3 where the second discal line is thickly arched inversely to termen.




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64 Psyche [Sept.-Dec.
Neonympha dorothea dorothea n. subsp.
Male: expanse of left fore-wing 20.9 (from base to end of MI).
Upperside: deep brown with lighter veins; some dark fulvous red scales just discernible in between them; cilia f uscous ; dark f uscous androconial mark. Primaries very finely edged with fulvous; secondaries more broadly so, but only to about Cul from tornus, with four spots along termen: first one rather indistinct) in Cul; second and third subreniform, blotchy, blackish, in M3 and M2; and fourth) very weak, in MI; a fine dark ray (interneural fold) through middle of each reaching the cilia from disc. Underside: primaries: flushed with deep warm red of Erebian ("caZZias") tone over lower part; thickly dusted with yellowish brown and traversed by reddish brown striz over upper part ; lines : chestnut brown ; pr~terminal consisting of very indistinct sequence of dots; small brown discal spot above M2 near cell R+ M on both wings, buttoning top of androconial mark in primaries (if viewed through wing). Secondaries: discally of darker shade of brown than subcostal and subapical areas of primaries; with some redder strize and a sprinkling of fluffy hoary scales basally; discal lines: deep chestnut brown; the first irregularly crossing cell R -t- M; the second from tornus following serrated (on Cu2) but fairly direct course up to Cul beyond which it strongly thickens and arches inversely to termen in M3-M2, then narrows again) abruptly turns outward as if to end at MI, just above a roughly V-shaped basally pointed combination of two silver prztermi- nal dashes) but really swerves back again and up towards Rs in which interspace it is almost concealed by a second V-pair of silver dashes which seems superimposed. Subterminal line from tornus arches inversely to termen in Cu2, dips terminally) then shoots up basally along middle of cell Cul where it stops, forming a thickish chestnut brown bar which coincides with the terminal course of the interneural fold. A broad cinereous
border heavily stippled with purplish black transverse striz, merged with the cinereous underside of the fringe and limited inwardIy by the arches of the second discal and subterminal lines, occupies the whole outer third (excepting a vineleaf- shaped) as viewed from base, fulvous brown space between second discal and subterminal lines in Cl-C2) ) thus completely enclosing the ocelli and other markings to be mentioned. Ex-



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amined in its action upon the discal and subterminal lines, it may be described as invading the termen from the tornus, with its inward edge causing the subterminal line to arch inversely to termen in Cu27 then bursting through in Cul, diverting basally the broken end of the subterminal line and swelling strongly towards the second discal; beyond Cul it pushes up even farther, touching (except for a few dusky scales in between) the second distal? which its pressure forces to arch in M3-MZ7 and then reaching the termination of R*. This border, which produces a strong avian or %caly" effect, encloses pr~termi- nally, in M3 and M2, two subreniform (twinned) ocelli7 jet- black, each delicately rimmed and threaded through with light fulvous so as to form a capital "B7' facing the termen, with the interneural folds faintly traced in a paler tint through the dark cinereous irroration; in each black cell of each "B" a bright silver ((T7' glitters7 its stem projecting basally7 its crossbar subparallel to the termen and neither stem nor bar touching the rim. The embossed silver of these four "T" marks is sup- plied by the breaking up of a silver line which starts from about Cu2 (in continuation and sublimation of a vaguely dis- cernible dark przterminal line from tornus); forms in Cul, upon the interneural ray and beneath the end of the subtermi- nal line7 a "W7' (as viewed from base)? where an ocellus7 visible as a spot on the upperside, seems to be in the process of being built with the help of the dark pigment which is channelled terminally by the interneural fold from the end of the subter- minal line; then traverses the kernels of the spots in M3 and M2 and produces farther up the V-shaped pairs of silver dashes already mentioned; the first pair of these suggests the forma- tion of a rudimental fourth spot whose interneural ray looks like a terminal projection of the second discal line. There is a thin bright fulvous margin from tornus to middle of cell Cu17 running between the cilia and the silver line (incidentally, in regard to these very Coenonympha-like markings, it should be noted that the ocelli in the latter genus are formed subtermi- nally, not przterminally as in this section of Neonympha). Female. Exp. 2 1 -5. Upperside pale reddish brown with pink- ish tone. Primaries: with faint adumbration post-cellularly and terminally7 but on the whole producing a unicolorous im- -
pression. Secondaries: evenly rounded, as in male; with dim greyish shade surrounding the rather blurred and formless dark



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66 Psyche [Sept-~ec.
spots (in Ms, M3 and Cui) and slightly deepening towards apex. Underside as in male.
Male, holotype, female, allotype, and two males, paratypes, placed in the American Museum of Natural History. Taken during a brief visit to Grand Cafion, Ariz., South Rim, on June 9th) 1941 (bright cold morning after snow and rain). They were weakly fluttering beside the trail together with a few Coen. tullwfurcae - almost no other butterflies about. Named in honor of Miss Dorothy Leuthold who kindly kicked up the first specimen. Female, paratype, labelled "Grand Cy., June 11th '30", ex Coll. of C.F. dos Passes, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Neonympha dorothea edwardsi n . subsp.
Male. Exp. 20.2. Upperside : brown tint somewhat lighter, with much greater amount of duller fulvous red diffused in both wings. Secondaries: spots reduced to two, in Ms and Ms (visible also in Cui in some specimens). Underside: striae somewhat more abundant and conspicuous on both wings. Primaries: pale fulvous brown with light reddish wash in lower part;
praeterminal line quite clear as a row of dots. Sec- ondaries : fulvous brown ; beyond second discal line correspond- ingly paler than in dorothea dorothea. Cinereous border somewhat less developed, i.e. not approaching as close to arched but slightly thinner second discal in M3 and Mg, thus leaving a narrow but distinct stretch of ground color in between. Female. Exp. 20.7. Upperside pale reddish brown but lack- ing the pinkish tone of dorothea dorothea - a slight but dis- tinct character connecting it with transitions to the fulvous southern race or races.
Male, holotype, labelled: "Gila Co. Ariz. June 1902, 0. C. Poling", ex A. G. Weeks Coll., Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, Cambridge, Mass.; female, allotype, "Ariz. 1892, C. J. Paine", Mus. Comp. Zool. Paratypes: 3 males "Gila Co. Ariz. June 1902, 0. C. Poling", ex A. G. Weeks Coll., Mus. Comp. Zool.; 2 males and 1 female "Ariz. 1892, C. J. Paine", Mus. Comp. Zool.; male and female, from "Ariza", wrongly labelled "Henshawi M" in Edwards' hand, ex Edwards' Coll., Carnegie Museum (it is the female of this pair that Holland figures as "henshawi Edw., male7' with the remark "much like N. gemma, but considerably larger and decidedly reddish upon the upper- side"; 1 male "Water Cafion, N. Mex., 5,000 ft. August '81,



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1942 I Nearctic Neonympha 67
F. H. Snow" ex Edwards7 Coll., Carn. Mus.; 1 male "Fort Wingate (N. Mex.), June '23, Marloff Coll.", Carn. Mus.; 2 males "Colorado" (one ['Coll. Hy Edw."), 1 female "Colo- rado, Coll. Hy Edw.", Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1. should have preferred taking as holotype the male from Edwards' collection were it not for the awkwardness of having such a vague locality as "Ariza7' for the type of a race.) Neonympha dorothea avicula n. subsp.
Male. Exp. 17.6. Upperside : primaries, fuscous, less brown than domthea dorothea, with the dark fuscous androconial shad- ing standing out very clearly; two large bright fulvous red patches in Cui and M3 and a similar bright tint along the veins involved in this area. The fulvous is so consoicuous and the fuscous so vague (and so much lighter than the sexmark), that the eye is inclined to accept the former as ground color. Sec-
ondaries: somewhat darker than primaries with only a slight suggestion of fulvous red in disc and two indistinct praetermi- nal spots in Mg and Ms. Underside: ground color of both wings a dull dunnish brown, very different from the rich and contrasting shades in dorothea dorothea, and of a remarkably even appearance owing to the almost total lack of (brown) striae, which are only faintly discernible about the costa and base of both wings. -Primaries: lines very faint;with the first discal hardly differentiated from the striae; but the discernible directions of the lines are naturally those of the species. Sec- ondaries : first discal indistinct ; second discal thickening and arching strongly, of a duller brown than in dorothea dorothea '
or edwardsi. Cinereous border as dark and rich as in typical race, but pressing against second discal in M3-Ma completely, without even the presence of a few dusky scales in between. Ocelli a trifle smaller than the smaller size of the insect might justify; silver serration and brown bar well developed; termi- nal fulvous line broader anally than in dorothea dorothea. Female. Exp. 18.5. Upperside of a very Cosnonympha-like appearance stressed by small size and fulvous tone which slightly deepens in primaries in area corresponding to that limited by the discal lines beneath, but not showing any defi- nite bands or lines, only a pale fuscous border merging with a similar shading along the costa. Secondaries: with a slight sinuation in termen unimpairing their "dorothean" roundness



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68 Psyche [Sept .-Dec.
and correspondence to primaries; well shaded with greyish; light fulvous in disc and beyond that slightly irrorated with the trans-wing shadows of the heavily striated cinereous border beneath. Underside: rather more contrasty than in male. Pri- maries: yellowish with faint fulvous red flush over lower part; marked as in male. Secondaries: as in male except for a slight olivaceous brown deepening of the dull ground color. Male, holotype, f emale, allotype, and female, paratype, all three labelled "Fort Davis, Texas, 3.VI.40" female, paratype, exp. 20.5, same label, with the addition "6,500 f.". All these ex Coll. C. F. dos Passos, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. The fixation of these three definite racial points, dorothea dorothea, dorothea edwardsi and dorothea avicula is, I think, unavoidable, but one does not care to indulge in pursuing this course and giving names to the various transitions which occur between them, especially as some of these variations seem to be seasonal. It will be noted that the holotypes of all three races were taken in June. Fifteen smallish specimens, twelve males, three females (Cam. Mus.), from Paradise, Ariz. taken by Poling late in the season (August-October) represent a cer- tain transition from edwardsi to avicula; another kind of tran- sition between the same is represented by two males from Silver City, South New Mexico, ex coll. dos Passos, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
Neonympha maniola n. sp.
Male. Primaries: more elongated apically than in dorothea with slightly slanting termen; in color like dorothea edivardsi with similar diffuse fulvous red.
Secondaries: termen slightly
sinuate; distinct prseterminal spots, in Cui (small), Ms and M2 (only the last two in most specimens), rather broadly aureolated with diffuse pale fulvous unlike any dorothea race. Androconial mark: large, broader throughout than in doro- thea, with larger, differently shaped patches and slightly jagged outer edge projecting on veins and interneural folds; post- cellularly pushing against second discal as seen through the wing; consisting of 5 patches: broad trapezoid, in Cg; two slightly decreasing trapezoids, in Cui and M3; two wedges in M2 and Mi; and of a triangle, in cell R + M, twice as long as in dorothea, pointing basally and reaching down to about level of Cu2. (See fig. 1.)




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19421 Nearctic Neonympha 69
Male underside: primaries: rather bright fulvous of a uni- form tint (in some specimens the lines are almost erased), only slightly yellower along costa and subapically, and very weakly striated ; second discal, in correspondence to termen, after sloping terminally from costa turning basally in middle of cell Mo, then sloping downwards towards first discal line, sub- - -
parallel here to subterminal line which starts from dorsum slightly closer to termen than to second discal and further up slopes apically though rather less so than in dorothea. Secon- daries: producing in contrast with brightly and evenly fulvous primaries a curious "Manioloid" or "Hipparchian" effect, being thickly dusted all over (even between second discal and subterminal in some specimens) with greyish scales and abun- dant dusky striae over a dull brownish ground. Cinereous border reduced to a suboval patch in middle of outer third, weakly pigmented (in some specimens scarcely noticeable amid the general suffusion, although essentially of a different, prob- ably cilian, origin, tint and texture than the dull grey, probably basally originated, scales over the rest of the wing) ; this patch not as finely or evenly striated as in dorothea, the striae not much darker or less brown than in the rest of the wing, and surrounded completely and cloudily by the ground color with a yellower glimpse of same also visible within, around the ocelli, as a diffusion or germination of their rims. Second discal line of the dorothea type but more vaguely deviated basally in M3-M2, owing to weaker development of cinereous irroration; less abruptly projecting outwards in Mi and clearer in Rg7 but producing the same impression of passing underneath the sec- ond pair of silver dashes as in dorothea and thus not connect- ing with the second discal of primaries; bar of subterminal very weak.
Male, exp. 20.5, holotype, "Cochise Co., ex Coll. A. G. Weeks, slide 454", Mus. Comp. Zool.; paratypes: 2 males, labelled "Chiricahua Mts., (one: 7.VI.08, V. L. Clemense), ex Coll. H. C. Fall", Mus. Comp. 2001; 2 males "Chiricahua Mts. (22.VI.33, D. K. Dunkan; 25.VI)", ex coll. C. F. dos Passes, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
This, I think, is the "henshawi" figured by Wright who gives color photograph of male and female upperside and female underside (folded) from specimens taken in Sta Rita Mts., Pima Co. with the remark: "It can scarcely be considered as



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70 # Psyche
[Sept-Dec.
belonging to the West Coast fauna and has but little, if any interest for us."
The female figure is only slightly differen- tiated from the male, with primaries upperside fulvous red, diffusely bordered with fuscous, and secondaries evenly fuscous with the fulvous aureoles of the male merely enlarged and deepened in tint to form an interrupted lunulate belt; underside (with allowance for a greenish blurring of the color process in the figure) very similar to the Chiricahua males. I have felt somewhat reluctant to fix this as a species, as there are no females in any of the collections I have examined. Maniola is closely allied to dorothea; but granted that andro- conial mark, wing shape, behavior of second discal and sub- terminal lines, and certain peculiarities of scaling, such as disclosed by the cinereous irroration, constitute specific char- acters in this group (if they do not, then one arrives at the absurd conclusion that there is only one "good" species, gemma Hiibner, with ab. pyracmon, ab. henshawi, ab. maniola, ab. dorothea etc. not even as races, for they occur together in different combinations) I cannot very well see how maniola can be placed alongside the dorothea races described, which all have a system of common characters quite inapplicable to maniola.
The third species, pyracmon Butl., is newly added here to the fauna of North America, although for many years specimens, labelled "henshawi" in collections, have been coming from Arizona. The Biol. Centr. Am. figure of "Pyracmon" female underside, totally different from Butler's figure, refers obvi- ously to a form of henshawi, while the beautifully executed portrait of pyracmon male, with underside, is designated as "hilaria" (an error corrected in the text). Butler's figure of the underside is coarsely colored, being, with the other butter- flies on the plate, too dusky and though illustrating, as it purports to do, a female, produces a wrong impression, simu- lating a male. Thus, pyracmon is pretty well concealed from the collector. However, a careful examination of Butler's text and figure convinces me that the Biol. Centr. Am. does illustrate the male of Butler's species, and with this figure the Arizonian insect tallies nicely. Unfortunately, I have not been able to obtain Mexican specimens or to get a photograph of the type from England.
Butler's original description, in Victorian Latin, runs thus:



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"Euptychia Pyracmon, sp. n. female. A12 supra fuscz, linea post alarum medium posh fusca, extus rubro marginata? anti- carum subintegra, posticarum lunulata: antic2 margine postico paulo f uscescente? ciliis cinereis : posticz margine apicale pado fuscescente, margine anali rufescente, maculis tribus (or two. V. N.) submarginalibus nigris, interna minima: corpus cinereofuscum; antennis supra fuscis7 subtus albidis7 prz flavescentibus, cinereo fasciolatus. Alz subtus ochrez cinereo variz, fasciis duabus mediis irregularibus ferrugineis: anticz linea submarginali undulata apicem non attingente (this char- acter cannot be constant. V. N.) : posticz linea submarginali lunulata argintea, apud marginem analem intus ferrugineo marginata, ad apicem maculas duas binas argenteas formante7 maculis duabus mediis marginalibus nigris, macula permagna subanali cinerascente: corpus ochre0 cinereum. Exp. alar. unc. 1 14/16. Hab. Oajaca (Mexico). B. M.
Closely allied to E. gemma from which it differs in being much larger, having the apex of the fron wings subangulated and the outer margin of the hind wings sinuated; the wings above reddish in some parts, with much larger marginal black spots; below the central streaks are more distinct, reddish and different in outline."