\input ../6001mac % On ALTDORF.AI.MIT.EDU % % To Do: ziggy--- place --> birthplace for consistency with Hal's code patch % \begin{document} \psetheader{Fall Semester, 1991}{Problem Set 6 Solutions} \medskip \section{Part 1: Implementation of the Adventure Game} There is nothing to hand in for this part. \section{Part 2: Tutorial Problems} No written solutions are distributed for tutorial problems. \section{Part 3: Homework Exercises} \paragraph{Problem 1} (a) The following method clause could be added to {\cf make-mobile-object} to make {\cf change-place} be an internal method rather than an external procedure. \beginlisp ((eq? message 'change-place) (lambda (self new-place) (let ((old-place place)) (set! place new-place) (ask old-place 'del-thing self)) (ask new-place 'add-thing self) 'place-changed)) \endlisp (b) It is often best to use a method when the action in question only requires access to the internal state of the object in question. If you write a procedure instead of a method in such a case, you will need to make lots of calls to {\cf ask} to find out information a method would have access to as local internal state. On the other hand, if the action is something that will need access to the state of many objects, and perhaps may be done to or by a wide variety of classes, you may want to use a procedure. This would avoid the need of including another method inside all the creation procedures for these classes. This is an especially big win if the classes the procedure works on don't all inherit from one root class. If they do, as in our case with {\cf mobile-object}, you can include the action as a method in the common ancestor, as we did with {\cf install}. For {\cf change-place}, we need to access the state of the current place, the new place, and the {\cf mobile-object}'s place binding. Given that these are in several different objects, using an external procedure seems reasonable. \paragraph{Problem 2} Alyssa is definitely right: the new code introduces a subtle bug and {\cf Hal} can appear, at least, to be in two places at once. Let's look closely at the suggested scenario. Imagine we make the change that Louis has suggested. Now observe: \beginlisp ==> (define hal (make\&install-person 'hal hal-office 2)) HAL \null ==> (ask hal 'go 'up) HAL is not at HAL-OFFICE HAL moves from HAL-OFFICE to ERIC-OFFICE \#T \endlisp Notice how Hal denied he was initially in his office, even though that is where we thought we installed him. Even more curious, consider now: \beginlisp ==> (ask hal 'say '("Here I am!")) At ERIC-OFFICE : HAL says -- Here I am! SAID \null ==> (mapcar (lambda (x) (ask x 'name)) (ask hal-office 'things)) (HAL) ; Hal is still in Hal's office?!?! \null ==> (mapcar (lambda (x) (ask x 'name)) (ask eric-office 'things)) (HAL) ; Hal is also in Eric's office?!?! \null ==> (equal? (ask hal-office 'things) (ask eric-office 'things)) () ; Hmm... they're not the same Hal? \endlisp Apparently, there is some sort of Hal impersonator left in Hal's office even after we told Hal to move up to Eric's office. What gives? Let's look at the problem step by step. Thinking carefully about the definition of {\cf make\&install-person} reveals that evaluating: \beginlisp ==> (define hal (make\&install-person 'hal hal-office 2)) \endlisp has the same effect as evaluating the sequence of two expressions: \beginlisp ==> (define hal (make-person 'hal hal-office 2)) ==> (ask hal 'install) \endlisp First, then, consider the environment diagram of Figure~\ref{fig:hal-world} depicts the state of the world just after we evaluate the first expression of this sequence. \begin{figure}[htb] {\footnotesize \begin{verbatim} .------------------------------------------------------------------------------. | Global Env | | |------------' | | HAL: --. | `--------|---------------------------------------------------------------------' ^ | .----------. ^ ^ .------|-' .-> (HAL-OFFICE) <----|-------------. | | .-------------. | `----------' .---------. | .--------. | | NAME: -----+-> HAL | | NAME: --+-> HAL | | NAME: -+-> HAL | | PLACE: -----+-------' | PLACE: -+-------' `--------' | | THRESHOLD: -+-> 2 `---------' ^ | `-------------' ^ | | ^ | .--> (.)(.) | | .--------------. / | | .----------------. | NAMED-OBJ: --+--' V | | POSSESSIONS: --+-> [/] `--------------' (lambda (message) | | RESTLESSNESS: -+-> 0 ^ ...NAMED-OBJECT methods...) | | MOBILE-OBJ: ---+---------. | | `----------------' `----------> (.)(.) | ^ | | | `-> (lambda (message) `-> (.)(.) ...MOBILE-OBJECT methods...) | `-> (lambda (message) ...PERSON method dispatch...) \end{verbatim} } \caption{The World According to Hal}\label{fig:hal-world} \end{figure} Notice that there are three distinct entities which claim to be named Hal: 1) The global Hal, 2) global Hal's internal {\cf mobile-obj}, and 3) the internal {\cf mobile-obj}'s internal {\cf named-obj}. Hereafter we will refer to these three entities as {\cf global}, {\cf mobile}, and {\cf nobel}, respectively. (Relax, we will not actually have occasion to mention {\cf nobel}\ldots the symmetry of names was just too cute to resist.) Now consider what happens when we do {\cf (ask hal 'install)}. This seeks out global Hal's person method for {\cf install} then invokes it on global Hal himself. This adds {\cf global} to the clock list so that {\cf global} will have free will. So far, so good. The next thing that happens, using Louis' proposed change, is: {\cf (ask mobile-obj 'install)}. Again, {\cf ask} finds the appropriate method (in this case, {\cf mobile}'s {\cf install} method) and invokes that on {\cf mobile}. This is the crucial issue: notice that without Louis' change, {\cf mobile}'s {\cf install} method would instead have been invoked on {\cf global}, not on {\cf mobile}. So how does this lose? Observe that the {\cf mobile} {\cf install} method takes the argument on which it is invoked and makes the {\cf place} in which {\cf mobile} was created add that argument to the collection of {\cf things} that the {\cf place} knows about. Thus, if invoked on {\cf mobile} rather than on {\cf global}, the place where {\cf global} and {\cf mobile} were created will know that {\cf mobile} is there but it will not know that {\cf global} is there. This is why when {\cf global} Hal is asked to move to some new place, that place denies that Hal was ever there. Specifically, whenever a person moves, the {\cf person} {\cf move-to} method is ultimately invoked, which in turn invokes the {\cf change-place} procedure on the person and the destination place. Looking at {\cf change-place}, we see that {\cf old-place} will be bound to the place where {\cf global} currently is. (This may be a little confusing since we said that {\cf change-place} will be invoked on {\cf global} but the name of the parameter to which {\cf global} will be bound is called {\cf mobile-object} but {\cf global} is a {\cf person}. Of course, a {\cf person} is a subclass of {\cf mobile-object} so this is not really a bug. We just have to keep in mind the flexibility that inheritance affords us: people are mobile objects too.) Proceeding with the body of {\cf change-place}, we change {\cf global}'s place to the new place then finally ask the {\cf old-place} to delete {\cf global} from its list of known things. This is where the old place complains that {\cf global} is not there. The details are in the {\cf del-thing} method of {\cf place}s, where the place complains if no thing {\cf eq?} to the deletion subject is present there (noting that {\cf memq} uses {\cf eq?} to find any matching thing). From our environment diagram, it is clear that {\cf global} and {\cf mobile} are not {\cf eq?} (or even {\cf equal?} for that matter), although they share the same name, so the birthplace of {\cf global} complains that {\cf global} is not there. Returning finally to the last expression within {\cf change-place}, {\cf global} is then dutifully installed in the new place so that both {\cf global} and {\cf global}'s new place agree that that is where {\cf global} is. Meanwhile, the place of birth of {\cf global} (and its inner conscience {\cf mobile}) still believes that {\cf mobile} is there since it was never deleted from the birthplace's {\cf things}. Still more bizarre, if we were to ask {\cf mobile} where it thinks it is, it would claim to be in the new place with {\cf global}. The moral of this exercise was to emphasize that, in an inheritance-based object oriented system, whenever an object (like a {\cf person}) inherits some method (like {\cf install}) from an inner object (like a {\cf mobile-object}) and we want to explicitly invoke that inherited method in the body of some method of the outer object (like invoking {\cf mobile-object}'s {\cf install} within the {\cf person}'s {\cf install}), then we must be careful to invoke that inner method on the {\cf self} upon which the present method invocation was initiated. To see if you really understand this very subtle and important point, consider what would happen if we kept Louis' change and made and installed a {\cf troll}. No, Grendel would not try to eat its inner {\cf mobile-obj} (since this is not a {\cf person}), but the {\cf dungeon} would forever think that Grendel is lurking about there even when Grendel is out grubbing for plump gnurds. In short, inheritance can be a very funny (and subtle) thing. \begin{verse} From there to here, \\ from here to there, \\ funny things \\ are everywhere. \\ \mbox{} \\ {\bf\sl One fish, two fish, red fish, blue fish} ---Dr.~Seuss [pseud.] \end{verse} \newpage \paragraph{Problem 3} To see who moves more often, let's run the clock for a while. \beginlisp ==> (clock) ---Tick--- TICK-TOCK \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- ERIC moves from ERIC-OFFICE to HAL-OFFICE At HAL-OFFICE : ERIC says -- Hi HAL TICK-TOCK \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- HAL moves from HAL-OFFICE to TECH-SQUARE TICK-TOCK \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- ERIC moves from HAL-OFFICE to ERIC-OFFICE TICK-TOCK \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- GRENDEL moves from DUNGEON to EGG-ATRIUM TICK-TOCK \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- ERIC moves from ERIC-OFFICE to HAL-OFFICE HAL moves from TECH-SQUARE to BUILDING-36 TICK-TOCK \endlisp (a) It appears {\cf eric} moves every other call to {\cf clock}, while {\cf hal} moves once every 3 calls. Of course, we could have predicted this by noting that in {\cf ps6-world.scm} we gave {\cf eric} a {\cf restlessness} factor of 1 so he pauses 1 tick then moves. {\cf Hal} pauses 2 ticks then moves. It is clear that {\cf eric} had more coffee this morning. (b) A little elementary mathematics tells us they will move at the same time once every 6 calls since this is the least common multiple (lcm) of their periods of motion (viz., ${\rm lcm}(2,3) = 6$). \newpage \paragraph{Problem 4} The following commands play out the little scenario specified. Note that the key to preventing me from throwing a fit is that I need to {\cf lose} the {\cf late-homework} before {\cf eric} {\cf take}s it. This sounds suspiciously similar to slipping it under his office door in the wee hours. \beginlisp ==> (define yourself (make\&install-person 'jb dormitory 1000)) YOURSELF \null ==> (define late-homework (make\&install-thing 'late-homework dormitory)) LATE-HOMEWORK \null ==> (ask yourself 'take late-homework) At DORMITORY : JB says -- I take LATE-HOMEWORK \#T \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- TICK-TOCK \null ==> (ask yourself 'go 'west) JB moves from DORMITORY to BUILDING-36 At BUILDING-36 : JB says -- Hi HAL \#T \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- ERIC moves from HAL-OFFICE to TECH-SQUARE TICK-TOCK \null ==> (ask yourself 'go 'north) JB moves from BUILDING-36 to TECH-SQUARE At TECH-SQUARE : JB says -- Hi ERIC \#T \null ==> (clock) ---Tick--- HAL moves from BUILDING-36 to COMPUTER-LAB TICK-TOCK \null ==> (ask yourself 'lose late-homework) At TECH-SQUARE : JB says -- I lose LATE-HOMEWORK \#T \null ==> (ask eric 'take late-homework) At TECH-SQUARE : ERIC says -- I take LATE-HOMEWORK \#T \endlisp \newpage \paragraph{Problem 5} A {\cf hass-class} is basically a special kind of place, so it inherits most of its behavior from a place, with the exception of the methods specific to a {\cf hass-class}: {\cf hass-class?}, {\cf add-student}, and {\cf openings?}. In addition, a {\cf hass-class} needs to keep track of one thing a generic place doesn't: the number of students registered for the class. We will create a binding to hold this state variable with a {\cf let} statement. The following definition for {\cf make-hass-class} will allow us to make this new sort of place. \beginlisp (define (make-hass-class name) (let ((students-registered 0) (inner-place (make-place name))) (lambda (message) (cond ((eq? message 'hass-class?) (lambda (self) true)) ((eq? message 'openings?) (lambda (self) (< students-registered 3))) ((eq? message 'add-student) (lambda (self) (cond ((ask self 'openings?) (set! students-registered (1+ students-registered)) ;; Cannot rely on value returned by SET! so return nicety students-registered) (else false)))) (else (get-method inner-place message)))))) \endlisp \paragraph{Problem 6} The following definitions create {\cf hass-class}es for 21.009, 21.005J/21.701J, 9.00, and 14.01. \beginlisp (define shakespeare (make-hass-class 'shakespeare)) (define intro-drama (make-hass-class 'intro-drama)) (define intro-psych (make-hass-class 'intro-psych)) (define micro (make-hass-class 'micro )) \endlisp For the purposes of our simulation, we will assume 21.009 is taught on the third floor of Building 14N, so it would be south of Building 36. Going upstairs from there, we will have 21.005J/21.701J taught on the fourth floor of the same building. As usual, 9.00 will be taught in 10-250, which is south from the EGG Atrium, and 14.01 will be taught somewhere in the far east of Sloanland. \beginlisp (can-go building-36 'south shakespeare) (can-go shakespeare 'north building-36) (can-go shakespeare 'up intro-drama) (can-go intro-drama 'down shakespeare) (can-go egg-atrium 'south intro-psych) (can-go intro-psych 'north egg-atrium) (can-go dormitory 'east micro) (can-go micro 'west dormitory) \endlisp \newpage Now, {\cf jb} will wander around and check out these classes. First, he will check out 14.01, and test all the methods. As the Course 14 staff are notoriously sloppy about bureaucratic matters, {\cf jb} can register for the class three times, just to make sure that {\cf openings?} method works. \beginlisp ==> (define jb (make\&install-person 'jb dormitory 1000)) JB \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'east) JB moves from DORMITORY to MICRO \#T \null ==> (ask micro 'hass-class?) \#T \null ==> (ask micro 'openings?) \#T \null ==> (ask micro 'add-student) 1 \null ==> (ask micro 'add-student) 2 \null ==> (ask micro 'openings?) \#T \null ==> (ask micro 'add-student) 3 \null ==> (ask micro 'openings?) () \endlisp Now, {\cf jb} will wander to the other HASS-D classes to confirm that they really exist and that the Dean's Office hasn't fired all the humanities faculty while he wasn't looking. Just to prove he's done his homework, {\cf jb} spouts off a line from the play he is supposed to be reading for 21.009. (Do you recognize it?) \beginlisp ==> (ask jb 'go 'west) JB moves from MICRO to DORMITORY \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'west) JB moves from DORMITORY to BUILDING-36 \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'south) JB moves from BUILDING-36 to SHAKESPEARE \#T \null ==> (ask shakespeare 'hass-class?) \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'say '("I have drunk and seen the spider.")) At SHAKESPEARE : JB says -- I have drunk and seen the spider. SAID \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask jb 'go 'up) JB moves from SHAKESPEARE to INTRO-DRAMA \#T \null ==> (ask intro-drama 'hass-class?) \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'down) JB moves from INTRO-DRAMA to SHAKESPEARE \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'north) JB moves from SHAKESPEARE to BUILDING-36 \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'west) JB moves from BUILDING-36 to EGG-ATRIUM \#T \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask jb 'go 'south) JB moves from EGG-ATRIUM to INTRO-PSYCH \#T \null ==> (ask intro-psych 'hass-class?) \#T \endlisp \newpage \paragraph{Problem 7} As everyone knows, an undergrad is a person, albeit a special kind of person. Hence, {\cf make-undergrad} includes a person inside each undergrad and also has a binding to keep track of the undergrad's transcript, created with a {\cf let}. Most of the methods particular to undergrads are not very complicated, except for {\cf act}. However, the way undergrads {\cf act} is fairly similar to the way trolls {\cf act}, in that the student tries do some special action if possible (i.e., register for a {\cf hass-class}), and otherwise acts like any other person would. The definitions for {\cf make-undergrad} and {\cf make\&install-undergrad} are given below \beginlisp (define (make-undergrad name place threshold) (let ((transcript '()) (normal-person (make-person name place threshold))) (lambda (message) (cond ((eq? message 'undergrad?) (lambda (self) true)) ((eq? message 'transcript) (lambda (self) transcript)) ((eq? message 'add-hass-class) (lambda (self) (set! transcript (cons (ask self 'place) transcript)))) ((eq? message 'act) (lambda (self) (cond ((and (is-a (ask self 'place) 'hass-class?) (is-a (ask self 'place) 'openings?) ; grammar bug (not (memq (ask self 'place) transcript))) (ask self 'add-hass-class) (ask (ask self 'place) 'add-student) (ask self 'say '("I find myself thinking entirely new thoughts."))) (else ((get-method normal-person 'act) self))))) (else (get-method normal-person message)))))) \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp (define (make\&install-undergrad name place threshold) (let ((undergrad (make-undergrad name place threshold))) (ask undergrad 'install) undergrad)) \endlisp Now, in a shameless bout of nostalgia, we redefine {\cf jb} to be an undergrad, and let him wander about taking HASS-D classes. Note: before doing this, it is crucial to re-zap {\cf ps6-world.scm} and then the definitions for HASS-D classes in the previous problem. \beginlisp ==> (define jb (make\&install-undergrad 'jb dormitory 1000)) JB \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'west) JB moves from DORMITORY to BUILDING-36 \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'south) JB moves from BUILDING-36 to SHAKESPEARE \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'act) At SHAKESPEARE : JB says -- I find myself thinking entirely new thoughts. SAID \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask jb 'act) JB moves from SHAKESPEARE to INTRO-DRAMA \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'act) At INTRO-DRAMA : JB says -- I find myself thinking entirely new thoughts. SAID \null ==> (mapcar (lambda (x) (ask x 'name)) (ask jb 'transcript)) (INTRO-DRAMA SHAKESPEARE) ; Poor fella is still one HASS-D shy of commencement \endlisp \paragraph{Problem 8} It is not such a well-known fact a president of MIT, a.k.a.\ a {\cf no-neck-man}, is also an ordinary person underneath it all. In fact, except for a special {\cf act} method, a {\cf no-neck-man} is just like anyone else. The following definitions of {\cf make-no-neck-man} and {\cf make\&install-no-neck-man} implement the {\cf act} method as described in the problem set. \beginlisp (define (make-no-neck-man name place threshold) (let ((person (make-person name place threshold))) (lambda (message) (cond ((eq? message 'act) (lambda (self) (let ((graduates (filter (lambda (p) (if (is-a p 'undergrad?) (> (length (ask p 'transcript)) 2) false)) (ask (ask self 'place) 'things)))) (cond ((not (null? graduates)) (ask self 'say '(" Well, it gives me a nice warm feeling inside to be at another commencement.")) (for-each (lambda (g) (let ((sheepskin (make\&install-thing 'diploma (ask self 'place)))) (ask g 'take sheepskin)) (display-message (list "At" (ask (ask self 'place) 'name) ":" (ask self 'name) "shakes" (ask g 'name) "'s hand.")) (ask self 'say (list "Congratulations" (ask g 'name))) (ask g 'say (list "Thanks," (ask self 'name) "... Bring on the megabucks!!"))) graduates)) (else ((get-method person 'act) self)))))) (else (get-method person message)))))) \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp (define (make\&install-no-neck-man name place threshold) (let ((no-neck-man (make-no-neck-man name place threshold))) (ask no-neck-man 'install) no-neck-man)) \endlisp Now, we create a {\cf no-neck-man} and watch what happens when {\cf jb} completes his HASS-D requirement. \beginlisp ==> (define chuck (make\&install-no-neck-man 'chuck building-36 2)) CHUCK \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'down) JB moves from INTRO-DRAMA to SHAKESPEARE \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'north) JB moves from SHAKESPEARE to BUILDING-36 At BUILDING-36 : JB says -- Hi CHUCK \#T \null ==> (ask chuck 'act) ; JB's still shy one HASS-D CHUCK moves from BUILDING-36 to SHAKESPEARE \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'west) JB moves from BUILDING-36 to EGG-ATRIUM \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'south) JB moves from EGG-ATRIUM to INTRO-PSYCH \#T \null ==> (ask chuck 'act) ; Nobody around... CHUCK moves from SHAKESPEARE to INTRO-DRAMA \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'act) At INTRO-PSYCH : JB says -- I find myself thinking entirely new thoughts. SAID ; Yeah! JB is destined for The Real World! \null ==> (ask chuck 'act) CHUCK moves from INTRO-DRAMA to SHAKESPEARE \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'north) ; In pursuit of the man with no neck JB moves from INTRO-PSYCH to EGG-ATRIUM \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'east) JB moves from EGG-ATRIUM to BUILDING-36 \#T \null ==> (ask chuck 'act) CHUCK moves from SHAKESPEARE to BUILDING-36 At BUILDING-36 : CHUCK says -- Hi JB \#T \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask chuck 'act) ; Here comes the big moment... hope it doesn't rain At BUILDING-36 : CHUCK says -- Well, it gives me a nice warm feeling inside to be at another commencement. At BUILDING-36 : JB says -- I take DIPLOMA At BUILDING-36 : CHUCK shakes JB 's hand. At BUILDING-36 : CHUCK says -- Congratulations JB At BUILDING-36 : JB says -- Thanks, CHUCK ... Bring on the megabucks!! \endlisp \paragraph{Problem 9} For this problem, we will define a few new hacks. First, we will make fire extinguishers. These are nifty toys which contain a certain number of charges. An extinguisher starts with four charges, but cannot be recharged. (It would be an easy extension to allow them to recharge in a certain place. How would you do it?) To use them, we'll implement a new method for people called {\cf slag}. To {\cf slag} someone, you discharge the extinguisher, soaking everyone in the room. To allow people to get slagged, we need to give them another method called {\cf get-soaked}. After someone does a {\cf slag}ging, all of their victims do one of two things. Anyone in the room without an extinguisher will run away. Anyone who does have an extinguisher will return the favor and {\cf slag} anyone still left in the room. The following definitions create extinguishers and give a way to make and install them \beginlisp (define (make-extinguisher place) (let ((charges 4) (me (make-thing 'extinguisher place))) (lambda (message) (cond ((eq? message 'extinguisher?) (lambda (self) true)) ((eq? message 'charges) (lambda (self) charges)) ((eq? message 'say) ; extinguishers are noisy things (lambda (self list-of-stuff) (display-message (append (list "At" (ask (ask self 'place) 'name) ":" (ask self 'name) "goes ---") ; things don't SAY, they GO (if (null? list-of-stuff) '("flat") ; Oh, nevermind list-of-stuff))) 'said)) ((eq? message 'hose) (lambda (self) (cond ((and (is-a self 'owned?) ;can only go off if owned (> charges 0)) ; and charged (set! charges (- charges 1)) (ask self 'say '("WHOOOSH!")) true) ((is-a self 'owned?) ;uh-oh, it's empty (ask self 'say '("SPUTTER! I'm empty.")) false) (else false)))) ;cannot discharge unowned extinguishers (else (get-method me message)))))) \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp (define (make\&install-extinguisher place) (let ((ext (make-extinguisher place))) (ask ext 'install) ext)) \endlisp Then, we need to add two methods to {\cf make-person}. Both methods appear below: \beginlisp (define (make-person name birthplace threshold) (let ((mobile-obj (make-mobile-object name birthplace)) \vdots) (lambda (message) (cond \ldots \vdots ((eq? message 'slag) (lambda (self) (let ((extinguishers (filter (lambda (thing) (is-a thing 'extinguisher?)) possessions))) (cond ((not (null? extinguishers)) (let ((charged-extinguishers (filter (lambda (ext) (not (= (ask ext 'charges) 0))) extinguishers))) (ask self 'say '("Eat watery death, scumbag!")) (cond ((not (null? charged-extinguishers)) (let ((weapon (car charged-extinguishers)) (place (ask self 'place))) (ask weapon 'hose) (for-each (lambda (victim) (ask victim 'get-soaked)) (other-people-at-place self place)) ;unarmed folks run away now (for-each (lambda (noncom) (ask noncom 'say '("Oh dear, I have no weapon")) (ask noncom 'act)) ; run away (filter unarmed? (other-people-at-place self place))) (for-each (lambda (com) (ask com 'slag)) (other-people-at-place self place)) true)) ; Slagged (else (let ((weapon (car extinguishers))) (ask weapon 'hose) (ask self 'say '("Urk. Oops.")) (ask self 'lose weapon) ; drop useless thing (ask self 'act)) ; run away false)))) ; Didn't slag (else (ask self 'say '("Oh dear, I have no weapon.")) (ask self 'act) ; run away false))))) ; Didn't slag \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ((eq? message 'get-soaked) (lambda (self) (ask self 'say '("Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light!")))) \vdots)))) \endlisp Finally, we need an auxiliary procedure named {\cf unarmed?} \beginlisp (define (unarmed? person) (null? (filter (lambda (thing) (is-a thing 'extinguisher?)) (ask person 'possessions)))) \endlisp With all this in place, we can play out a little adventure in Tech Square. Normally, these moves would be interspersed with calls to the clock, but we will move everyone manually to make sure things work. \beginlisp ==> (define jb (make\&install-person 'jb dormitory 10000)) JB \null ==> (define ziggy (make\&install-person 'ziggy hal-office 1000)) ZIGGY \null ==> (define stormbringer (make\&install-extinguisher dormitory)) STORMBRINGER \null ==> (define niagara (make\&install-extinguisher hal-office)) NIAGARA \null ==> (ask jb 'take stormbringer) At DORMITORY : JB says -- I take EXTINGUISHER \#T \null ==> (ask ziggy 'take niagara) At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- I take EXTINGUISHER \#T \null ==> (ask ziggy 'slag) At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : HAL says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : HAL says -- Oh dear, I have no weapon HAL moves from HAL-OFFICE to TECH-SQUARE \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'west) JB moves from DORMITORY to BUILDING-36 \#T \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask jb 'go 'north) JB moves from BUILDING-36 to TECH-SQUARE At TECH-SQUARE : JB says -- Hi HAL \#T \null ==> (ask hal 'say '("Avenge me. The evil Ziggy hath slagged me most foully.")) At TECH-SQUARE : HAL says -- Avenge me. The evil Ziggy hath slagged me most foully. SAID \null ==> (ask jb 'say '("Fear not, Oh Gallant Lecturer. I shall avenge thee.")) At TECH-SQUARE : JB says -- Fear not, Oh Gallant Lecturer. I shall avenge thee. SAID \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'up) JB moves from TECH-SQUARE to HAL-OFFICE At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Hi ZIGGY \#T \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask ziggy 'slag) At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : JB says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- WHOOOSH! At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Yarg! I am soggy and hard to light! At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Eat watery death, scumbag! At HAL-OFFICE : EXTINGUISHER goes --- SPUTTER! I'm empty. At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Urk. Oops. At HAL-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- I lose EXTINGUISHER ZIGGY moves from HAL-OFFICE to ERIC-OFFICE At ERIC-OFFICE : ZIGGY says -- Hi ERIC \#T \null \endlisp % Allow page break \beginlisp ==> (ask jb 'go 'down) JB moves from HAL-OFFICE to TECH-SQUARE At TECH-SQUARE : JB says -- Hi HAL \#T \null ==> (ask jb 'say '("I have avenged thee upon the evil Ziggy.")) At TECH-SQUARE : JB says -- I have avenged thee upon the evil Ziggy. SAID \null ==> (ask jb 'go 'south) JB moves from TECH-SQUARE to BUILDING-36 \#T \null ==> (ask hal 'say '("Who was that soaked man?")) At TECH-SQUARE : HAL says -- Who was that soaked man? SAID \endlisp \paragraph{Problem 10} The most immediate source of the butchered quotation is T.S.~Eliot's {\em Murder in the Cathedral}. As the Knights prepare to kill Thomas Becket on the altar of Canterbury Cathedral, Thomas warns them \begin{verse} Do with me as you will, to your hurt and shame; \\ But none of my people, in God's name, \\ Whether layman or clerk, shall you touch. \\ This I forbid. \end{verse} For most of the play, Eliot's dialogue stays close to the historical accounts of the martyrdom. This is one of those places where Eliot himself cribbed off the reports of they eyewitnesses. These reports are collected in {\em Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury}, edited by James Craigie Robertson and published for the Rolls Series in seven volumes in 1875. If we check the account of the writer referred to as Anonymous Author II in this collection, in Volume IV on page 131 we find he reports Thomas as having said: \begin{quote} `Si caput,' inquit, `meum vultis, ex parte Dei per anathema prohibeo ne quemquam meorum tangatis.' \end{quote} which translates as \begin{quote} `If it is my head,' he said, `that you want, on God's behalf, I forbid you by anathema to touch any of my people.' \end{quote} How strange for him to have mentioned Project Athena! \end{document}